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The sounds of language

The sounds of language. Phonetics Chapter 4. Phonetics- Basics. Definition: the study of human speech sounds Know what an individual sound is. Cat consists of [k] represented by the letter c, the vowel [æ ] represented by a and the final [t]. The sound-spelling relationship.

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The sounds of language

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  1. The sounds of language Phonetics Chapter 4

  2. Phonetics- Basics • Definition: the study of human speech sounds • Know what an individual sound is. • Cat consists of [k] represented by the letter c, the vowel [æ] represented by a and the final [t]

  3. The sound-spelling relationship • Did he believe that Caesar could see the people seize the seas? • To too two through threw clue shoe • tough “uff“ cough “off“ bough “aw“ though “oh“ through “ooh“ borough “uh“ hiccough “up“

  4. The sound-spelling relationship • Spelling is not a reliable guide to pronouncing a word in English • A system is needed where one sound corresponds to one symbol and one symbol corresponds to one sound. • Phonetic Alphabet- one symbol for each sound. • International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to symbolize all sounds of all languages

  5. Fields of Phonetics • Articulatory phonetics • How sounds are produced • Acoustic phonetics • Physical properties of sounds • Auditory phonetics • How sounds are perceived This class: Articulatory phonetics

  6. Articulatory phonetics Questions: • How can we describe speech sounds in terms of how they are produced in the vocal tract? • How can we transcribe these sounds? Goal: • A systematic method of how to describe and transcribe the sounds occurring in human languages.

  7. How Are Sounds Produced? • Most sounds are produced by an air stream coming from the lungs passing through one or more speech organs. • Where and how the air stream is obstructed determine the identity of the sound produced. • When the shape of the vocal tract changes, different sounds are produced.

  8. Speech Production Mechanism VOCAL TRACT • Nasal cavity • Oral cavity • Pharynx • Vocal folds • Glottis • Energy source (shapes sounds) LARYNX (voicing) LUNGS

  9. Vocal Organs- articulators

  10. Consonants & Vowels • Sounds

  11. Consonants • Consonants are classified according to three parameters. • Voicing • Place of articulation • Manner of articulation

  12. Voicing • Voicing occurs in the larynx where the vocal folds are. • When the vocal folds are held together, they start to vibrate when air passes through them → a voiced sound. • E.g. zzzzzzzzzzz vvvvvvvvvvvvv • When they are held apart, they cannot vibrate; air passes freely through them → a voiceless sound. • E.g. ssssssssssssss ffffffffffffff

  13. Places of articulation- English • Where in the vocal tract the airflow is restricted. • Bilabial- two lips [b, p, m] • Labiodental- upper teeth & lower lip [f, v] • Dental- between the teeth [θ, ð ] • Alveolar- front part of the tongue on alveolar ridge [s, z, n, t, d, l] • Palatal- front part of the tongue on the hard palate [ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, j] • Velar- the back of the tongue on the velum [k, g, ŋ] • Glottal- through open glottis [h]

  14. Places of articulation • Bilabials

  15. Places of articulation

  16. Place of articulation • Labiodentals

  17. Place of articulation

  18. Places of articulation

  19. Places of articulation

  20. Places of articulation

  21. Glottal stop and flap • Glottal stop [ʔ]occurs when the space between the vocal cords (the glottis) is closed completely. • American pronunciation of • Oh oh bottle batman • Flap [ɾ] produced by the tongue tip tapping the alveolar ridge briefly. • American pronunciation of • Latter writer metal

  22. Manner of articulation • [b] and [m] → voiced bilabials • [d] and [z] → voiced alveolar • [t] and [s] → voiceless alveolar • How are they different? • In the way the air is restricted in the vocal tract → manner of articulation

  23. Manners of articulation • Stops→ complete blockage [p, t, k, b, d, g] (also plosives) • Fricatives→ partial blockage [f, v, s, z…] • Affricates→ stop + fricative [tʃ, dʒ] • Nasal→ through nasal cavity [m, n, ŋ] • glides [j, w] → take the shape of the vowel(also semi-vowels, approximants) • Liquids→ lowering both sides of the tongue [l , r]

  24. Manner of articulation

  25. Consonants

  26. Consonants

  27. Consonants • Can be described by using three parameters: voicing, place of articulation and manner of articulation • Examples: [p] voiceless bilabial stop [n] voiced alveolar nasal [d] [ŋ]

  28. What is a vowel? • A sound produced without major constriction in the vocal tract • No articulators touching or even coming close • Since the sound is not produced by constriction,theenergy comes primarily from the vocal cords • Vowels are all voiced

  29. Vowels • Vowels can be classified by answering three questions • How high is the tongue? • High- mid - low • What part of the tongue is involved? • Front- central- back • What is the position of the lips? • Rounded or unrounded

  30. Tongue positions • Tongue height • High [i, u] • Mid [ε, o] • Low [æ] Say seat, set, sat transcribed [i], [ε], [æ]

  31. Tongue position • Tongue backness • Front [i], [æ] • Central [ə] • Back [u], [o], [a] Say he and who

  32. Who [hu] He[hi] Front and back vowels

  33. Preview of vocal tract shaping • Say “heave” and “have” Say “who” and “ha” • What do you notice going on in your mouth?

  34. High: Heave Who Low: Have Ha Classification: Tongue Height

  35. Lip rounding • Rounded [u], [o] [u] noon [o] boat • Unrounded [i] heat [I] hit

  36. Vowel Chart

  37. Diphthongs • A combination of two sounds vowel + glide • [aw] cow, loud • [ɔj] boy, void, noise • [aj] buy, eye, my

  38. Vowels description • Can be classified according to three parameters: height, backness, and lip rounding • Examples: [i] high front unrounded vowel [u] high back rounded vowel

  39. Phonetic Transcription • The best-known system: • The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) • IPA has been developing since 1888. • The system represents each sound of human speech with a single symbol. • The symbol is enclosed in brackets [ ].

  40. Benefits of Phonetic Transcription • We can use IPA transcription across languages, there is one symbol for EVERY possible human sound • There is a 1-1 correspondence of sound to symbol • Cat [kæt] • Cell [sel]

  41. Consonant chart

  42. Activity: identifying diphthongs • call • top • Fright • joy • top • Haste • Avoid • Proud • Hide

  43. Transcription Practice • Transcribe the following words • Kick • Boot • She • The • Thin

  44. Important terms • Articulatory phonetics • articulators • Consonants and vowels • Places of articulation • Manner of articulation • Voicing • Parameters for describing vowels • Phonetic transcription

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