Aeronautical Rules and Facilities

1. CI Norwood Aeronautical Rules and Facilities PO 401 References: FTGU Pages 91-119, AIM AGA & RAC, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical, Knowledge Chapter 12, CARs Part VI

2. Topics to be covered • Aerodromes • Traffic procedures • Documentation • Classifications of airspace • Rules of the air • VFR minima • Transportation of dangerous goods

3. Why learn this stuff? • Just like with every other aspect of life, rules must be followed • If everyone knows and follows the rules, it makes for a safer flying environment

4. Airport vs. Aerodrome • Aerodrome: any surface designated for the departure, landing, movement and servicing of aircraft • Airport: an aerodrome in which a Canadian Aviation document (certificate) is in force • Controlled Airport: an airport at which an ATC unit is provided and in service

5. Airport Definitions • Maneuvering Area: the part of an aerodrome intended to be used for the taking off and landing of aircraft and for the movement of aircraft associated with takeoff and landing, excluding aprons (runways and taxiways) • Movement Area: the part of an aerodrome intended to be used for the surface movement of aircraft, and includes the maneuvering area and aprons

6. Apron: the part of an aerodrome, other than the maneuvering area, intended to accommodate the loading and unloading of passengers and cargo; the refueling, servicing, maintenance and parking of aircraft; and any movement of aircraft, vehicles and pedestrians necessary for such purposes

7. Take off: for an aircraft other than a dirigible balloon, the act of leaving the surface, including the take-off roll and the operations immediately preceding and following this act • Landing: in the case of an aircraft other than a dirigible balloon, the act of touching down on a surface, including the operations which immediately precede and follow this act.

8. Air Traffic: All aircraft in flight and aircraft operating on the maneuvering area of an aerodrome • Airport Traffic: All traffic on the maneuvering area of an airport and all aircraft flying in the vicinity of an airport

9. Air Traffic Control Unit: (ATC) • An area control centre established to provide air traffic control service to Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) flights and Controlled Visual Flight Rules (CVFR) flights; • A terminal control unit established to provide air traffic control service to IFR flights and controlled VFR flights operating within a terminal control area; or • An airport control tower unit established to provide air traffic control service to airport traffic; as the circumstances require.

10. Air Traffic Control Service: (ATS) • Services, other than flight information services, provided for the purpose of: • Preventing collisions between: aircraft; aircraft and obstructions; and aircraft and vehicles on the maneuvering area; and • Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic.

11. Important Abbreviations • AAE: Above Aerodrome Elevation • AGL: Above Ground Level • ASL: Above Sea (mean) Level • AIP: Aeronautical Information Publication • AIM: Aeronautical information manual • FSS: Flight Service Station • ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization • VMC: Visual meteorological conditions • ATC: Air Traffic Controller • ATS: Air Traffic Services

12. Runway Numbering • Numbered according to the direction it’s pointing (called “bearing”) • The number is rounded to the nearest 10° and the last number is dropped (ex. A bearing of 186° would be numbered runway 19) • In Northern Domestic Airspace (NDA), bearings are true, in Southern Domestic Airspace (SDA), bearings are magnetic

13. Runway Markings Normal Runway Displaced Thresholds Stopway

14. Taxiway Markings Taxiway centre line Hold short lines • Centre line is used for lining up the aircraft on the taxiway • Aircraft must stop at the hold short lines unless otherwise cleared by ATC Runway hold short lights (amber)

15. Heliport

16. Aerodrome Markings • Any runway or taxiway that is unserviceable will be marked by large white or yellow X’s • Snow covered areas may be marked with yellow dye • Other unserviceable areas may be marked with red flags, marker boards or cones

17. Signs • Location Sign • Direction Sign No Entry Sign

18. Wind Indicators • The runway to be used is usually determined by a wind indicator • 3 main types of indicators: Wind sock or cone, tetrahedron and the wind tee

19. Determining Wind Speed • Wind speed on a wind sock is determined by how many degrees the wind sock hangs below the horizon • A dry Transport Canada standard “Wind Direction Indicator” (wind sock) has the following properties:

20. Review • How are runways numbered? • If you were flying over an airport and saw big white X’s on the runway, what would that mean? • If you see a dry windsock hanging 5 degrees below the horizon, how strong is the wind?

21. Aerodrome Lighting • Runway edge lights – white • Taxiways edge lights – blue • Threshold lighting – green for approach side, red for departure side • Displaced threshold – red on edge, blue on either side • Clearance bars – yellow

22. Traffic Circuit • Upwind side – Area opposite from the downwind leg • Crosswind – Links the upwind side to the downwind leg • Downwind – Flight path parallel and opposite to the landing direction • Base – Links the downwind and the final leg • Final – Flight path in the direction of landing

23. NORDO and RONLY NORDO RONLY • Aircraft has no radio • Must receive visual signals if operating at a controlled airport • Aircraft can only receive radio transmissions, cannot transmit • Must acknowledge transmissions through a visual signal (flashing of a landing/taxi light, rocking wings)

24. Light Signals Red pyrotechnical flare: Do not land for time being Flashing runway lights: Advises vehicles and pedestrians to vacate runways immediately

25. Aircraft Documents • The following documents must be on board the aircraft: • Certificate of Airworthiness • Certificate of Registration • Radio licence • Pilot Operating handbook (Aircraft Flight Manual) • Weight and balance • Journey log • Insurance • Crew Licences • Intercept orders (if not familiar with orders)

26. Medical Validity

27. Review • If you were at an airport at night and were looking for a taxiway, what colour lights would you be looking for? • What are the legs of the circuit? • If you were on final approach to land and you saw a red light from the tower, what would you do?

28. Classifications of Airspace • Canadian Domestic Airspace:All airspace over the Canadian land mass, Canadian Arctic, Canadian Archipelago and areas of the high seas • Split into two areas:Northern Domestic Airspace (NDA)Southern Domestic Airspace (SDA)

30. Canadian Domestic Airspace Northern Domestic Airspace Southern Domestic Airspace • The magnetic north pole is located within the NDA • Magnetic compass heading are erratic • Runway headings and cruising altitudes use TRUE tracks • Most of the Canadian land mass is located within this region • Magnetic compass heading are fairly reliable • Runway headings and cruising altitudes use MAGNETIC tracks

31. Altimeter Setting Altimeter Setting Region Standard Pressure Region • Airspace of defined dimensions below 18,000’ ASL • Prior to take off, PIC sets altimeter to current altimeter setting, or field elevation • During flight sets it to the nearest station • While approaching an airport, sets it to the current altimeter setting of that airport • All high level airspace over Canada (18,000’+) and all low level airspace not in the altimeter setting region • The altimeter is generally set to 29.92 “Hg • Prior to take off, the pilot sets it to the current altimeter setting or field elevation • Set to current airport altimeter setting before descending for landing

33. Classifications of Airspace • Canadian Domestic Airspace is divided into 7 classes – A, B, C, D, E, F and G • Flight within each region is governed by specified rules and operating procedures • Controlled airspace: A-F • Uncontrolled airspace: G

34. Classifications of Airspace Class A Airspace Class B Airspace • Base of all high level controlled airspace to FL600 • No VFR traffic is permitted • ATC separation is provided to all aircraft • All aircraft must have a Mode C (altimeter reporting) transponder • All low level airspace from 12,500’ ASL to 18,000’ ASL • Any CZ/TCA can be made into class B if necessary • Operations may be VFR or IFR • ATC separation is provided to all aircraft • Two-way radio • Radio navigation equipment • Mode C transponder

35. Classifications of Airspace Class C Airspace Class D Airspace • IFR and VFR are permitted, but VFR requires a clearance • Separation is provided for IFR traffic, and VFR conflict resolution if the workload permits • Two way radio • Mode C transponder • IFR and VFR are permitted, but VFR traffic is required to make two-way communication before entering • Separation is provided for IFR traffic, and VFR conflict resolution if the workload permits • Two way radio • If in transponder airspace, a Mode C transponder

36. Classifications of Airspace Class E Airspace Class F Airspace • IFR and VFR is permitted • Separation is provided to IFR traffic only • If within Transponder Airspace, a Mode C transponder is required • Special use airspace • Will be defined as “Advisory” or “Restricted” depending on operations • Is subject to the rules whatever airspace it is located in (uncontrolled/controlled)

37. More on Class F Airspace Advisory Airspace Restricted Airspace • Areas where non-participating aircraft should be aware of operations • Pilots are allowed to enter at their own discretion • Activities include:TrainingParachutingHang glidingMilitary operations • No person may conduct aerial operations in restricted airspace unless permission has been given

38. More on Class F Airspace Danger Area • Over international water where Canadian ATC has authority • Activities may cause danger to the aircraft

39. How do you know what’s Class F • Class F airspace will be indicated on all applicable charts • With the boundaries, a code will be given (ex CYA113(A) ) • CY – Indicates Canada • A – Indicates advisory • 113 – Number inside BC • (A) – Indicates aerobatics

40. Airspace Classification Class G Airspace • Any airspace that hasn’t been classified as A, B, C, D, E or F • ATC does not have any authority or responsibility • Consists of all uncontrolled domestic airspace • Airway: established between specified radio-navigation aides. Air traffic control services are always provided • Air Route: routes are established between specified radio-navigation aides. Air traffic control service is not provided

41. FIC Flight Information Center • One common toll-free phone number • 1-866-WXBRIEF

42. Review • What are the two types of domestic airspace in Canada, and what are the differences? • What would you set your altimeter to in the Altimeter setting region? • What does CYA123(M) mean?

43. Rules of the Air • No person shall operate an aircraft unless in accordance with VFR or IFR procedures or in accordance with special regulations set forth by the Minister. • No person shall create a hazard to persons or property on the surface by dropping an object from an aircraft in flight. (CAR 602.23) • It is forbidden to carry dangerous goods except in accordance with the Law on the Transport of Dangerous Materials.

44. No person shall operate an aircraft in such a reckless or negligent manner as to endanger or be likely to endanger the life or property of any person. (CAR 602.01) • No person shall operate an aircraft that is towing an object unless the aircraft is equipped with a tow hook and release control system that meet the applicable standards of airworthiness. (CAR 602.22)

45. Right of Way • An aircraft that has the right of way shall take action to avoid collision if necessary • An aircraft that has right of way will give way to another aircraft that appears to be in an emergency situation

46. Right of Way • When two aircraft are converging at the same altitude, the aircraft that has the other on its right shall give way, except:- A power driven heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way to gliders, airships and balloons- An airship shall give way to gliders and balloons- A glider shall give way to balloons- A power driven aircraft shall give way to other aircraft towing gliders or any other load

47. Right of Way continued... • When two aircraft are approaching head on, each shall alter their headings to the right • An aircraft that is being overtaken has the right of way and the overtaking aircraft shall alter its heading to the right • Aircraft on the surface shall give way to landing aircraft • An aircraft approaching an airport to land shall give way to lower aircraft • An aircraft shall not cut in front of an aircraft that is in the final stages of an approach to land • No person shall take off if they will collide with anything

48. Aircraft Lighting • For aircraft operating at night, the following lighting is required: • Red light on the left wing visible through 110° and 2 miles • Green light on the right wing visible through 110° and 2 miles • White light on the tail visible through 140° and two miles • An anti-collision light visible through 360° and 30° above and below

49. Flight Plans and Itineraries • A flight plan or itinerary outlines what type of aircraft is being flown, what equipment is on board, who’s flying it and what route it’s taking • Allow authorities to determine with precision where you are going, ete, passengers, in an emergency • All aircraft will file a flight plan or itinerary unless... • The flight is conducted within 25 NM of departure

50. Flight Plans vs. Itineraries Flight Plan Flight Itinerary • Must be filed with an ATS unit • Must be closed with an ATS unit upon arrival (arrival report) • If not closed within 1 hour (or time specified in flight plan) search and rescue will be activated • Can be filed with a “responsible person” • Must be closed with that responsible person within the time specified on the flight itinerary (default 24 hours) • Cannot be used for international flights