1 / 51

Inner Life of a Cell

Inner Life of a Cell. Inner Life Of A Cell - Full Version.mkv – YouTube Music Narrative: Harvard http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GigxU1UXZXo&feature=fvwrel. Agenda: Nov. 26th. Homework: rDNA project due on Friday, Nov 30 th Pfeiffer Thank you notes due on Wed.

geoff
Download Presentation

Inner Life of a Cell

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Inner Life of a Cell • Inner Life Of A Cell - Full Version.mkv – YouTube • Music • Narrative: Harvard http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GigxU1UXZXo&feature=fvwrel

  2. Agenda: Nov. 26th Homework: rDNA project due on Friday, Nov 30th Pfeiffer Thank you notes due on Wed. Objective: To determine how proteins are made Warm up: Central Dogma Proteins and how they are synthesized Gene expression - review of process Shape determines function Senior Project Presentation Tuesday: Proteins in more depth

  3. Warm up: What is the Central Dogma of Biology and Biotechnolgy? Why is it important?

  4. The CENTRAL DOGMAsays: DNA  _________ ___________ • The first step will be to convert DNA to ______. This happens in the _______ and the process is called _____________. • Next, the _____ will be converted to a protein. This happens in the ___________ and the process is called ____________. This process will require assistance from the ___________ in the cell.

  5. Transcription and Translation

  6. Inside a Cell • Journey Inside The Cell - YouTube

  7. Protein structure and function “Gene Expression” Also known as “how to make a protein and how it works”

  8. What do proteins do? • Each person has 30,000 different types of proteins and many millions of copies. • What is the function of proteins? • Notes for class notebook • Protein Functions in the Body – YouTube • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T500B5yTy58

  9. The Structure of Life • Skim pages 6 – 9

  10. Proteins are the body’s worker molecules

  11. Proteins • Structure determines function • Or “proteins are shaped to get the job done” The Structure of Life • Genetic Code p. 12-13 • Peering into Protein Factories p. 23 • Beyond Drug Design pp. 52-55

  12. Proteins • Structure determines function • Or “proteins are shaped to get the job done” • Examples:

  13. Proteins – in musclesMyosin slides across actin

  14. Antibodies – arm bind to foreign substance

  15. Cartilage and tendons 3 strand, rope-like structure provides strength Collagen

  16. Review Base Pairing Rules for Transcription & Translation

  17. See p.12-13 Structure of Life for amino acid names & more details. The Genetic Code

  18. Amino acids form chains

  19. Example of amino acids linked by polypeptide bonds(Note: protein synthesis has direction N to C) Part of a protein: an opioid peptide that modulates the perception of pain

  20. Codes for Amino Acids & Proteins

  21. Enzyme: “Pencil transferase” • You will make a new protein (an enzyme) whose job (function) is to transfer a pencil. • Bend the pipe cleaner (chenille stems) so that a pencil can be moved from one table to another. • For the “pencil transferase” to function correctly, you cannot touch the pencil when moving it from your table to the next one. • Keep the successful shape. Draw it in your class notebook.

  22. Questions: Describe the shape of your protein. How would the shape change if one of the amino acids was eliminated?

  23. Proteins – shape determines function Structure: Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary

  24. Shape determines function • Primary structure • Order of amino acids • Combine 50-2000 to make proteins • Secondary structure • Alpha helix • Beta Sheet • Plus unstructured loops

  25. Shape determines function • Tertiary • Globular: compact • Fibrous: linear • Quaternary • Multiple polypeptides (amino acid chains) come together

  26. Agenda: Tuesday 11/27 • Read The Structure of Life • The Genetic Code: pp. 12-13 • Worksheet: Genes to Polypeptides • Four Levels of Protein Structure • In more depth • Epigenome – When are proteins produced?

  27. From Genes to Polypeptides • Complete worksheet

  28. See p.12-13 Structure of Life for amino acid names & more details. The Genetic Code

  29. Review: Protein Theater • Setting the scene: • Room walls are the cell membrane • Nucleus • Ribosome • Cytoplasm • Transcription starts with RNA polymerase recognizing a promoter • Gene on the DNA determines the complementary mRNA • mRNA specified the correct sequence for amino acids

  30. Proteins • Structure determines function • Or “proteins are shaped to get the job done” The Structure of Life • Genetic Code p. 12-13 • Peering into Protein Factories p. 23 • Beyond Drug Design pp. 52-55

  31. Why do the amino acids fold in a certain way?

  32. Differences in the amino acids • Resource: • Chem4Kids.com: Biochemistry:Twenty Amino Acids Amino Acid Sequence of Bovine Insulin

  33. Four Levels of Protein Structure 1. A protein’s primary structure is its amino acid sequence • Primary structure: the sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chains • A change in the primary structure can alter the resulting protein

  34. Basic Amino Acid

  35. 20 amino acids • http://www.personal.kent.edu/~cearley/PChem/amino/3d.htm • http://wbiomed.curtin.edu.au/biochem/tutorials/AAs/AA.html • http://www.chem4kids.com/files/aminoacids/index.html • Chem4Kids.com: Biochemistry:Twenty Amino Acids

  36. Four Levels of Protein Structure 2. Secondary structure is polypeptide coiling or folding produced by hydrogen bonding • Secondary structure: parts of the proteins coil or fold into local patterns • Coiling: alpha helix • Folding: beta pleated sheets

  37. Hydrogen bonds between amino acids • Backbones of the amino acids • C=0 attracted to the NH of the backbone another amino acid • Not the covalent bonds (peptide bonds)

  38. Alpha helix Beta Sheet Secondary Structure – Hydrogen Bonding (See other type.

  39. Secondary shapes often combined into one 3-D structure called a domainEach domain has a function. Note: Also unstructured loops Note: Di-sulfide bridge Strong covalent bond; acts as anchor

  40. 3.Tertiary structure is the overall shape of a polypeptide • Tertiary structure: overall 3 dimensional shape of a protein • Globular: compact shape, enzymes • Fibrous: helical, tough, water-insoluble • Result of hydrogen bonding as well as ionic bonding (hydrophilic R groups) • Folded so that hydrophobic R groups are on the inside

  41. Tertiary Structure: hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic R-groups http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/jmol/aatable.html Amino Acid Structures

  42. Basic Rules for Structure based on R groups Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Polar (ionic) Attracted to water since water is polar “Comfortable” in the watery environment of cytosol (cytoplasm) Fold to be on the outside of the protein • Non-polar • R groups with only C& H • Side chains fold up into the interior of the protein

  43. Pipe cleaners Proteins:Shape determined by hydrophilic or hydrophobic • Choose: • 4 pairs of smooth beads • 4 pairs of triangle beads • String the beads in a random order • Triangle beads represent hydrophilic R-groups (same color attracted to each other) • Smooth beads represent hydrophobic R-groups and are in the interior of the protein • Fold the pipe cleaner protein to fit these rules • Draw the shape.

  44. Pipe cleaner proteins • Compare your protein’s shape to others at your table. • How and why are they different? • What conclusions can you make about folding of proteins?

  45. 4.Quaternary structure is the relationship among multiple polypeptides of a protein • Quaternary structure: when two or more polypeptide chains come together

  46. Representing the structure of proteins Protein in cell membrane: Left: outside of membrane Purple: where protein crosses Right: inside of cell Receptor protein: pass molecular messages from receptors to inside of cell

  47. Major Unsolved Problem“Protein folding problem” Scientists cannot predict shape & function of a protein based on the gene • Can determine the amino acid sequence • Can now make rough estimates of shapes • Compare to known proteins using data bases (bioinformatics) • Cannot accurately predict the position of each atom

More Related