Presentation Transcript

1. Cultural Geography

   AP Human Geography
2. The Meaning of Culture Culture – way of life of a particular people Material Culture – anything that can be seen on the landscape (houses, furniture, musical instruments, etc) Built environment – tangible impact of human beings on the landscape Nonmaterial Culture – anything that makes up culture that cannot be touched (language, religion, folklore, philosophies, superstitions, etc) Folk Culture – practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a focused area Folklore – stories that are passed from generation to generation Jack Tales – stories that involve the character “Jack” and his adventures (jack and the beanstalk) Popular Culture – practice of customs that span several different cultures and may even have a global focus
3. Cultural Landscape Cultural Landscape – interactions of a group in relation to their own cultural practices as well as to the values of a society as reflected thru artifacts and architecture Natural Landscape – the physical earth and is often associated with the field of physical geography Adaptive Strategy – how a person adapts to a new culture
4. Music and Culture Folk songs – describe a group of people Country music – roots in South US Bluegrass music – closely related to country Blues music – developed from African-American music Tejano music – Tex-Mex – in SW US Cajun music – Creole – Louisiana Polka music – upper Midwest Motown music – Detroit, MI – Motor City
5. Food and Culture International food culture – different food preferences from around the world say a lot about a culture Folk food – attributed to a particular people or culture US food cultures – New England (clam chowder), Maine (lobster), South (fried chicken) Barbeque – the South – art form for cooking meat; KC, Memphis, known for unique styles and over 100 bbq restaurants in metro areas
6. Sports and Culture Baseball – US, Japan, Caribbean Basketball – US, Europe Soccer – world’s most popular sport, FIFA, World Cup Football – US Hooligans – fans who incite violence at football matches – hurling racial or religious epitaphs against opposing players and fans
7. Architecture and Culture Indigenous architecture – architecture of Native Americans as well as first settlers (log cabins) Anglo-American landscape – long rows of roads are laid out on the flat landscape in square or rectangular patterns Folk landscape – what people perceive the landscape to be based on their cultural notions of an area Traditional architecture – the structures built as it was being established
8. Language and Culture Language – ability to communicate with others orally and/or in writing Monolingual country – one official language in which all government business is conducted Multilingual country – more than one official language 6,000 languages spoken in the world today Lingua francas – language used as a common tongue among people who speak diverse languages, often to conduct business (very often in English) Adaptive strategy – learning a new language, makes communication process easier when entering another language region Learning languages – involves skills Speak and sound out words Ability to write the symbols that are associated with each sound or meaning Comprehension – vocab acquisition
9. Language and Culture Linguistic Divisions within States – countries divided by language barriers Dialects – form of a language that is different in sound, speed, syntax, and vocabulary Syntax – grammatical arrangement of a language Isogloss – boundary of a dialect – can be difficult to determine because patterns of speech vary among members of people of the same group Pidgin, Trade, and Creole Pidgin – mixture of languages, elementary in grammar and vocab but still useful Trade Language – made up language that is used by people who want to trade – modified language to communicate and conduct trade Creole Language – stable language resulting from the blend of two or more languages which often does not include features of either Official Language – language in which all government business is conducted
10. Language and Culture Linguistic Diversity – learning more languages, can operate on large or small scale – when person speaks more than one language, he/she has diversity, but if a society speaks more than one language that diversity can be seen as hindering unification Language Extinction – elderly speak language and when they die, they take the language with them Language Families – groups of languages organized by their common heritage Language Subfamilies – smaller groups of languages within a language family Language Groups – people whose languages are descended from common tongue
11. Language and Culture Indo-European Language Family Sino-Tibetan Language Family Afro-Asiatic Language Family Niger-Congo Language Family Origins of Language Families – hearth of human settlement was in Iraq Languages and Landscape Toponyms – place names
12. Religion and Culture Religion – value system that people place on themselves and others based on a spiritual or divine aspect of the world Faith – belief in things not seen or the things that cannot be proven Monotheistic – belief in only one god Polytheistic – belief in many gods Ethnic religion – person is born into a faith and little to no effort is put into converting others to the religion Universalizing religion – members actively try to convert others Proselytic faith – another name for universalizing religion Atheist – people who do not believe in any god or god-like figure Secularist – person who wants to separate religion from all other aspects of society Jainism – religion that is based on nonmaterialism but at its core is considered a form of atheism
13. Top 5 Religions Christianity – world’s largest religion with over 2 billion followers Architecture – cross, church Foundational Beliefs – Jesus Christ lived on earth, died on cross, resurrected, followers can be saved, the Bible – Old Testament and New Testament Structure – varies by denomination – priest, pastor, minister Distribution – one justification for colonization was the opportunity to convert “unsaved” populations Denominations – branches of a religion that different on specific aspects of the principles of the religion Roman Catholic Protestants – Baptists, Lutherans, etc
14. Top 5 Religions Islam – second largest religion (Muslims are followers) – approaching 2 billion Architecture – mosque – place of worship and is focal point, minarets – extend from sides of mosque and reach up to Allah (god) Foundational Beliefs – Koran – Muslim Holy Book, One God, Allah (Shahadah) Prayer 5 times daily facing Mecca (Salah) Taxes paid to poor or mosque (Zakat) Fast during Ramadan (Sawm) Pilgrimage to Mecca (holiest city) in lifetime (Hajj) Structure – leader of mosque is imam Distribution – began in Saudi Arabia Denominations – Shiites (Shiahs) and Sunnis Theocracy – state that is ruled by religious leaders, religion plays an integral part in the administration of the country Sharia Law – does not separate church and state, based on Koran and teachings of Muhammad Fundamentalism – based on literal interpretation of a holy book and urges strict behavioral guidelines to comply with the basic principles of a religion
15. Top 5 Religions Judaism – one of oldest world religions Architecture – Star of David, synagogues Foundational Beliefs – Yahweh (God in Hebrew), Jewish bible is Tanakh and based on Torah and Talmud – two holy books, rabbi is leader Distribution – US, Israel Denominations – Orthodox (traditional – Haredi), Reform, American based Reconstructionist, Humanistic, Flexidox Holidays – Passover, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur
16. Religious Conflict in the Middle East Christianity, Judaism, Islam – roots in Israel, Jerusalem is holy city Wailing Wall/Western Wall – what is left to remember the site of the temple – Temple Mount, most holy site to Jews Many conflicts here
17. Monotheism vs Polytheism (West vs East) Monotheistic – Judaism, Christianity, Islam – belief in one god Zoroastrianism – belief that Zarathustra as the father of religion and the concept of good and evil – at heart of all three Western faiths Polytheism – belief in many gods
18. Top 5 Religions Hinduism – oldest religion on earth – you can practice a religion but you can’t become Hindu unless born to Hindu parents – India Foundational Beliefs – 3 deities (Brahma – created universe, Shiva – destroys the universe, Vishnu – preserved the Earth and universe), temples devoted to worship gods, Shakti – mother goddess – female personification of god and means energy, power of femininity , Parvati – married to Shiva and keeps Shiva in balance, Vedas – holy texts Sects – Vaishnava (Vishnu worshippers), Reincarnation – belief that one has lives a previous life and will continue to live another life after death, cows are seen as life builders
19. Top 5 Religions Buddhism – elimination of unwanted desires from the human soul thru meditation, worship of a god is not part of Buddhist religion, personal devotion, East Asia Syncretic religion – combining two ore more faiths into one belief system Architecture – pagodas – ornate design, made for individual worship rather than congregational worship Foundational Beliefs – Siddhartha Gautama – prince, lived life of luxury as teen, then left palace when saw poverty, and then lived life focused on getting rid of material possessions to obtain state of nirvana, 4 Nobles Truths: All living beings should experience and endure suffering Suffering leads to desire to live…reincarnation Goal is to leave suffering by reincarnation Nirvana can be achieved thru practicing 8 steps – rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought, and meditation Structure – monks live in monasteries Distribution – spread from Nepal and India across East Asia Sects – Mahayanist (northern branch – 56% - China, Japan, Korea), Theravadas (southern branch – SE Asia), Tantrayanists (Tibet/China and Mongolia)
20. Other Universalizing Religions Sikhism – belief in one god formed as a rejection of India’s caste system, Guru Nanak, India/Pakistan Bahai – Africa/Asia – similar to Sikh, no class distinction Mormonism – Utah in US, Church of Latter Day Saints, Book of Mormon, Polygamy (marriage of one man to more than one wife) is illegal in US and church outlawed practice Ethnic Religions – every society needs some supernatural worship figure in culture Animism – belief in luck and spirits, shaman – ability to intermediate between supernatural and real world Confucianism – based on teachings of Confucius, focuses on relationships, fengshui (geomancy) – maintaining proper relationships in life thru positioning of items to keep the flow of energy in harmony, yin and yang Taoism/Daoism – based on release of personal desires, Lao Tzu founder Shintoism – Japan – believe that nature is divine
21. Sacred Places and Spaces in Religion Sacred spaces – certain locations hold spiritual significance for the faithful TajMahal – Agra, India – built by Muslim prince as a mausoleum for deceased wife, great structure in world Ganges River – Hindus holiest river in the world Burial rites Religious toponyms – place names
22. Religion and Conflict Religious conflicts – battles fought and blood shed in the name of religion Interfaith boundaries – boundaries between people of different faiths Enclave – group of people with particular religion surrounded by people of a different religion Exclave – group of people who are physically separated from their religious hearth (missionaries) Hierarchical Diffusion – the diffusion of something from a minority to the majority – rap music Contagious Diffusion – rapid spread of an idea, internet Stimulus Diffusion – application of a concept to another product – pizza Relocation Diffusion – spread of a cultural aspect thru migration - language Acculturation – use of cultural aspect fading away over generations as elderly die out Assimilation – gradual dying out of the old culture and its replacement with the new culture
23. Observing the Cultural Landscape City park – assess cultural values of the society – statues, ethnicity in public artwork, how the land is being used (socializing, benches, trails, etc)