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CP551 Sustainable Development

CP551 Sustainable Development. “ To believe that exponential growth may last eternally in a limited world, you must be crazy, or an economist .” - Kenneth Boulding. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini.

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CP551 Sustainable Development

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  1. CP551 Sustainable Development “To believe that exponential growth may last eternally in a limited world, you must be crazy, or an economist.” - Kenneth Boulding 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  2. Module 7: Industrial and Service Sectors and their impact on Sustainable Development. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  3. What is it? 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  4. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste material Unlimited 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  5. An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  6. Over 1000 miles of streams have been buried by strip mine waste In Appalachian Mountains that run from Southern New York to Northern Georgia and Alabama through 13 states. Source: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachia/mtop.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  7. 300,000 acres of hardwood forest in West Virginia have been destroyed by mountaintop removal practiced in strip mining. 75% of West Virginia's streams and rivers are polluted by mining and other industries. In 2000, 60 million tons out of the almost 170 million tons of coal mined in West Virginia were from strip mines. Source: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachia/mtop.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  8. An example from the present (and future): Mining for phosphate Open-pit phosphate mined in Idaho Citezen trying to protect the Horse Creek in Florida from phosphate mining Source: www.organicfamilymagazine.com/Phosphate.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  9. An example from the present (and future): Forest industry waste These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high. ‘most "wood" companies only handle one type of wood and burn the rest.’ Source: http://picasaweb.google.com/kool.name/FieldWork/photo#5116468698216932706 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  10. An example from the present (and future): Factory waste More than 500 factories (mostly textiles) line the banks of the 200-mile Citarum river, near the Indonesian capital of Jakarta. Source: http://rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shocking-display-of-abuse/ 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  11. An example from the past: Factory waste Anglian Water, one of the UK's biggest water companies, has been fined £200,000 for polluting River Crouch with raw sewage after Roy Hart, an Essex fisherman, took out a private prosecution. Court also ordered Anglian Water to pay Roy Hart £9,500 to cover his legal costs. Source: news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/1875563.stm 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  12. Ecocides of Manmade origin: • Degradation of ecosystems (forest, fresh water, marine, etc.) • Upsetting the carbon cycle, resulting in global warming and climate change and the consequences • Depletion of the ozone layer • Pesticide, heavy metals and other persistent toxic chemicals like DDT and PCBs poisoning the web of life • Loss of clean air • Genetically modified (GM) food 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  13. Ecocides of Manmade origin: • what more? 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  14. A cartoonist’s view of life on earth with such ecosystem destroying industries Source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/p/pollute.asp 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  15. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry End-of pipe treatment Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste Unlimited 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  16. Nuclear industry waste Los Alamos National Laboratory has disposed of about 13.5 million ft3 of radioactive and chemical solid wastes in ‘Material Disposal Area G’ since 1943. Source: www.lasg.org/waste/area-g.htm Corroding nuclear waste drums on seabed in UK territorial waters dumped between 1950 and 1963. Source: news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1766365.stm 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  17. Computer industry waste Source: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/photosvideos/photos/close-up-of-a-huge-pile-of-com 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  18. A cartoonist’s view of civilized life on earth Source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/d/dumping_ground.asp 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  19. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste Unlimited 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  20. Let’s take a look at how Nature produces and what Nature does with its waste. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  21. Example: Forest ecosystem The components of ecosystem are those physical things that contain energy and nutrients. Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  22. Example: Forest ecosystem Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  23. Example: Forest ecosystem Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  24. Example: Forest ecosystem No Waste No environmental degradation Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  25. Another example: Fresh water ecosystem No Waste No environmental degradation Source: www.scienceclarified.com/Di-El/Ecosystem.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  26. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry Zero effluent soultion Products R No Environmental degradation Unlimited No Waste Unlimited 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  27. Raw material (only to start) Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry Industrial Ecology Products R No Environmental degradation No Waste 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  28. Industrial Ecology: • No waste • Energy efficiently utilized (possibly solar power) • No materials beyond those required to start the system • Complete recycling within the system Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  29. Industrial Ecology: "One of the most important concepts of industrial ecology is that, like the biological system, it rejects the concept of waste." Source: T. Graedel and B. Allenby, Industrial Ecology, 1995 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  30. Industrial Ecology: Let us take a look at a functional industrial ecosystem 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  31. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Agricultural farm Molasses Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Bagasse Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  32. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Agricultural farm Alcohol residue Molasses Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Bagasse Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  33. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Fertilizer Agricultural farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Bagasse Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  34. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Fertilizer Agricultural farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Black liquor Pulp plant Bagasse Paper Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  35. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Fertilizer Agricultural farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Black liquor White sludge Alkalai recovery Alkalai Pulp plant Bagasse Paper Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  36. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Fertilizer Agricultural farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Black liquor White sludge Alkalai recovery Alkalai Pulp plant Bagasse Paper Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  37. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Fertilizer Agricultural farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Cement mill Sugar refinery Filter sludge Cement Sugar cane Black liquor White sludge Alkalai recovery Alkalai Pulp plant Bagasse Paper Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  38. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China - The industrial symbiosis took 40 years to develop. - It has been spontaneously developed first through internal investments, and then through cooperation with partners in the regions. - Developing by-product exchanges within a region is beneficial in many ways (reduced emissions and disposal costs). - However, it is counter to business trends such as focusing on their core competence and avoiding development of “distracting” profit centers. Source: Q. Zhu, E.A. Lowe, Y. Wei, and D. Barnes, 2007. Industrial Symbiosis in China: A Case Study of the Guitang Group. J. of Industrial Ecology 11(1): 31-42 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  39. Symbiotic interactions between organisms: Mutualism: both populations benefit and they need each other for survival Protocooperation: both populations benefit but the relationship is not obligatory Commensalism: one population benefits and the other is not affected Amensalism - one is inhibited and the other is not affected Competition – one’s fitness is lowered by the presence of the other Parasitism– one is inhibited and for the other its obligatory 01 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  40. Industrial Ecology: For yet another functional industrial ecosystem, go to the presentation on The Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg, Denmark by Jørgen Christensen Consultant to the Symbiosis Institute Source: http://continuing-education.epfl.ch/webdav/site/continuing-education/shared/ Industrial%20Ecology/Presentations/11%20Christensen.pdf 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  41. Eco-Industrial Development Strategies • Resource Recovery, Pollution Prevention, and Cleaner Production • Integration into Natural Ecosystems • Industrial Clustering • Green Design • Life Cycle Assessment • Deconstruction and De-manufacturing • Environmental Management Systems • Technological Innovation & Continuous Environmental Improvement • Job Training • Public Participation and Collaboration Source: Mary Schlarb, Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable Communities, 2001 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  42. Design for Environment (DfE) Strategies raw material extracting & processing manufacturing recycling end-of-life repair & reuse packaging & distribution product use cradle-to-grave design paradigm cradle-to-cradle design paradigm Source: http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/industry/finance/publications/producer.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  43. Design for Environment (DfE) Strategies 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  44. Life-cycle analysis Inventory analysis provides information regarding consumption of material and energy resources (at the beginning of the cycle) and releases to the environment (during and at the end of the cycle). Impact analysis provides information about the kind and degree of environmental impacts resulting from a complete life cycle of a product or activity. Improvement analysis provides measures that can be taken to reduce impacts on the environment or resources. Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  45. Life-cycle analysis must consider - selection of materials, if there is a choice, that would minimise waste - reusable and recyclable materials - recyclable components - alternate pathways for the manufacturing process or for various parts of it Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  46. Eco-Industrial Development Strategies • Resource Recovery, Pollution Prevention, and Cleaner Production • Integration into Natural Ecosystems • Industrial Clustering • Green Design • Life Cycle Assessment • Deconstruction and De-manufacturing • Environmental Management Systems • Technological Innovation & Continuous Environmental Improvement • Job Training • Public Participation and Collaboration Source: Mary Schlarb, Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable Communities, 2001 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  47. “We cannot solve our problems with the same ways of thinking that produced them.” Albert Einstein 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

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