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Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research. Supervisor Dr. Çise Çavusoglu By Hiba Sabah, Hayder Ali and Mustafa Menteşoğulları. Content. Background Define Qualitative Research. The methods. Themes. Assumptions. Design differences. Data collection. Data analysis.

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Qualitative Research

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  1. Qualitative Research Supervisor Dr. ÇiseÇavusoglu By Hiba Sabah, Hayder Ali and Mustafa Menteşoğulları

  2. Content • Background • Define Qualitative Research. • The methods. • Themes. • Assumptions. • Design differences. • Data collection. • Data analysis. • Advantage and disadvantage of Qualitative Research • Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Research • Validity and Reliability. ( By Mustafa)

  3. Background

  4. Definitions • Qualitative research is phenomenological inquiry . It is based on phenomenological paradigm which uses a variety of interpretive research methodology. (Johan & James,2006).

  5. “ Qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to these setting”. Denzin and Lincoln (1994)

  6. Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day lives. (Merriam ,1998)

  7. (Bogdan & Biklen, 1992) Qualitative research is concerned with the social aspects of our world and seeks to find answers to the following questions • Why people behave the way they do? • How opinions and attitudes are formed? • How people are affected by the events that go on around them? • How and why cultures have developed in the way they have? • What are the differences between social groups or between males and females? 

  8. Types of Qualitative research • Ethnographic • Case Study • Content Analysis of Documents • Focus Groups • Surveys • Ground theory . • Phenomenology.

  9. Theme of Qualitative research patton (2002) Design strategies: The research is a work in progress that may be change as the data are collected . • Naturalistic inquiry .studying real world situations as they unfold naturally ; non manipulative and non controlling. • Design flexibility :openness to adapting inquiry as understanding deepness and ,situations change; the researcher avoid getting locked into rigid designs. • purposeful sampling : Explaining phenomenon rather than making a generalization.

  10. Data collection and fieldwork strategies • Qualitative data: observations , thick description; inquiry in depth ;interviews that capture direct quotations about people s ’personal perspectives and experiences • personal experience and engagement : the researcher has direct contact with and gets close to the people; situation and phenomenon under study. • Empathic neutrality and mindfulness: the researcher must approach the subject empathically but approach the data from a neutral position • Dynamic systems: assumes change as ongoing whether focus is on an individual ,an organization ,a community, or an entire culture

  11. Analysis strategies • Unique case orientation. • Inductive analysis: immersion in the details and specifics of the data to discover important patterns, themes and interrelation; begins by exploring ,then confirming. • Context sensitivity. • Voice perspective and reflexivity. 

  12. Kinds of research questions • Theoretical “ How does play affect reading readiness ? Through what cognitive and affective process? Do children who take certain roles for example : Play leadership roles learn faster ? “ ( Marshall & Roseman)

  13. Particular population “How do school superintendents manage relations with school board members? What influence processes do they use?” Site specific questions “Why is the program working will in this school but not in the others ? What is special about the people? “ ( Marshall & Roseman, 1999)’

  14. Assumptions • Quantitative there is a single knowable reality then can be defined measured quantified . • Qualitative there are multiple realities that are context and – or person dependent • Quantitative: researcher is removed from the research for objectivity . • Qualitative to truly understand a reality the researcher must become part of the reality.

  15. Design differences

  16. Data Collection Techniques • Observation(field studies) • Interviews • Document review • Surveys • Case studies • Researcher as instrument The choice of strategy depend on the focus of the researcher(what is to be studied) and the desired time frame for the study

  17. Document content analysis Sources of data • Records ;Reports; printed forms ;letters; autobiographies; academic work; books; films; pictures; diaries ;syllabi; court decision; archival data.

  18. Observation The observers’ role • Participant observer. • Covertly observation. • Those being observed full ;partial no explanation. • Duration • The breath of focus

  19. Setting or Physical environment; social interaction ;physical activities; non verbal communication ;non occurrences. • Field notes (detailed notation ) • Direct quotations • Date; how was present ; place ;time; activities.

  20. Vague or poor field notes The new client was uneasy waiting for her intake interview , • Detailed notes At first the new client sat very stiffly on the chair next to the receptionist's desk .She picked up a magazine and let the pages flutter through her fingers very quickly.

  21. Interviews • Informal conversational • interview guide approach • Standardized open-interview • Closed fixed response interview

  22. Data collection • Proxemics : is the study of peoples s’ use of space and its relationship with culture • Kinesics :is the study of body movements • Street ethnography: Concentrates on the person becoming a part of the place under study • Narratives: people s’ individual life stories.

  23. Data analysis • Organizing the data . • Description. • Interpretation .

  24. Program used to organize and analyze Qualitative data • Computer software .One such program ,called NUD*IST : ( Non-Numerical Unstructured Data Indexing Searching and Theory- Building). • Atlas / ti. program . These two programs permit the researcher to set up codes. (Gohn & James ,2006)

  25. Advantage of Qualitative Research • In-depth examination of phenomena. • Uses subjective information. • Not limited to rigidly definable variables. • Examine complex questions that can be impossible with quantitative methods. • Deal with value questions. • Explore new area of research. • Build new theories

  26. Weaknesses of Qualitative Research • Fewer people studied usually . • Less easily generalised as a result. • Dependent upon researcher's personal attributes. and skills (though it is also true with quantitative research but not easily detected) . • Participation in the setting can change the social situation (although not participating can always change the social situation as well).

  27. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH • Philosophy: Phenomenology Positivism • 2. Goal: Understand, meaning Prediction, test hypothesis • 3. Focus: Quality (features) Quantity (how much, numbers)   • 4. Method: Ethnography/Action research Experiments/Correlation • 5. Data collection: Interviews, observation Questionnaire, scales, • documents, tests, inventories  • 6. Research Design: Flexible, emerging Structured, predetermined • 7. Sample: Small, purposeful Large, random, representation • 8. Generalisation: Unique case selection Generalisation  • 9. Analysis Inductive (by the researcher) Deductive (by statistical methods)  • 10. Role of Researcher: Immersed Detached

  28. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

  29. RELIABILITY • ACCORDING TO NAHID GOLAFSHANI, IT IS IRRELEVANT. • THE RESEARCHER SHOULD PERSUADE THE PEOPLE THAT THE STUDY IS WORTH FOR A GOOD RESEARCH.

  30. A GOOD QUALITATIVE RESEARCH SHOULD HAVE; • CREDIBILTY • NEUTRALITY • CONFIRMABILTY • CONSISTENCY • DEPENDABILTY • APPLICABILITY • TRANSFERABILITY

  31. THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH’S RELIABILITY IS CLOSE TO QUANTITIVE RESEARCH’S RELIABILTY. • A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IS RATHER RELATED WITH TRUSTWORTHINESS THAN RELIABILTY. • THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH SHOULD BE REPEATABLE.

  32. VALIDITY • THE VALIDITY OF ANY QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DEPENCES ON THE QUALITY OF THE RESEARCH. • THE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO HAVE GENERALIBILTY. • DEL SIEGLE INTRODUCES THREE BASIC ELEMENTS FOR VALIDITY; • UNOBSTRUSIVE MEASURES • RESPONDENT VALIDATION • TRIANGULATION

  33. REFERENCES Best, J .W .& Kahn ,J .V . (2006) . Research in education . ( 10th Ed ) . Boston ,NY :Pearson. Brown,J.D . (1995).Understanding research in second language learning.(2th Ed).New York :Cambridge. Denzin, N.K. & Lincoln, Y.S. (1984). Handbook of Qualitative Research, Newbury Park: Sage Publications. Merriam, S. (1998). Qualitative research and case study: Applications in education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

  34. http://peoplelearn.homestead.com/MEdHOME/QUALITATIVE/Reliab.VALIDITY.pdfhttp://peoplelearn.homestead.com/MEdHOME/QUALITATIVE/Reliab.VALIDITY.pdf • http://www.okstate.edu/ag/agedcm4h/academic/aged5980a/5980/newpage18.htm • http://www.gifted.uconn.edu/siegle/research/qualitative/qualitativeinstractornotes.html

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