Presented by Ahmed Magdy

1. PRELAB 2 Presented by Ahmed Magdy

2. PRELAB 2 Preparations1)Mouthwash 2)Effervescent solutions: a)Potion Reviere b)Magnesium citrate Problems Metric system

3. 1)Mouthwashمضمضةp. 75 • Aqueous solution used for its deoderant, refreshing or antiseptic effect. • It may contain: • Alcohol • Glycerin • Synthetic sweeteners • Flavoring &coloring agents • Surface active agents ????

4. Most mouthwashesareslightly alkaline..why?? Because: • Alkaline solutions are more effective in dissolving & removing mucous & saliva. • Acid solutions have a damaging effect on the teeth. • Strongly alkaline solutionwill produce tissue damage &sloughing of mucous membrane of mouth & throat. • Many of the common oral preparation have a pH in alkaline range between 7 and 9. • Those which are acidic in character rarely have a pH value below 5.

5. x 0.5 I gm 1 gm 0.025gm 0.05 gm 0.025 ml 10 ml 7 ml 50 ml (Alkalinizer) (Antiseptic & Astringent) Rx Potassium bicarbonate 2 gm Sodium borate (borax) 2 gm Thymol 0.05 gm Eucalyptol 0.1 gm Methyl salicylate 0.05 ml Alcohol 20 ml Amaranth solution 14 ml Purified water to 100 ml Fiat : Mouthwash Mitte: 50 ml (Volatile oils are refreshing , cooling, antiseptic & anti-inflammatory). Aromatic mixture ( antiseptic & solvent) ( coloring agent (red)) Calculation: F = R/P = 50/100 = 0.5 ¾ vehicle (water)= [50-(10+7)] x ¾ = 25ml

6. Procedure: 5) In dry cup measure add 10 ml alcohol 6) Add 2 drops of the aromatic mixture (Alcoholic solution) 1) In a beaker add 25 ml water.??? 2) dissolve KHCO3 & Borax 3) Filter 4) addamaranthsolution (Aqueous solution) 7) Add aqueous solution to the alcoholic solution portion wise with continuous stirring. (clear red solution) 8)Adjust volume with water. 50 ml

7. Fiat : MouthwashRed label The Mouthwash To be used as directed.

8. 2) Effervescent solutionsp.70 • Uses of CO2 in effervescent solution: 1)Refreshing 2)mask saline bad taste 3)digestive by stimulating gastric juice secretion • A solution containing a recently prepared salt by combining an acid( citric or/and tartaric) and alkalicarbonate or bicarbonate ( potassium or sodium) • Effervescent preparation are more agreeable to the taste when slightly acidic..so we add a slight excess of the acid . • Types of effervescent solution: 1. Alkaline & acidic solutions dispensed in two separate bottles , one dose of each bottle is mixed just before administration.(Potion Reviere) 2. The alkaline salt is dispensed as powder in paper packets the patient adds the content of each packet to each dose of the acid dose 3. Mixture is dispensed charged with CO2 in tightly closed bottles ..the alkaline salt added at last & the bottle is corked &the cork is fixed with string.( Mg Citrate)

9. a) Potion Reviere Uses:Antiemetic Solution No. 1 Rx Sodium bicarbonate 0.35gm Syrup 2 ml Water to 15 ml Fiat : Alkaline solution Solution No. 2 Rx Citric acid 0.4 gm Syrup of lemon 2 ml Water to 15 ml Fiat : Acid solution x 6 2.4 gm 12 ml 9o ml x 6 2.1 gm 12 ml 9o ml Prepare VI doses of each Sig: 15 ml of each to be mixed directly before use. Calculation: Soln 1 : ¾ vehicle (water) =[90-12] x ¾ =58.5 ml Soln 2 : ¾ vehicle (water) =[90-12] x ¾ =58.5 ml

10. Procedure: The alkaline solution 1)add ¾ water 58 ml??? 2)Dissolve sodium bicarbonate 3)Filter using wetted cotton (if necessary) Clear solution 4)Add syrup(12 ml) 5)Complete to 90 ml with water The acid solution 1)add ¾ water 58 ml??? 2)Dissolve citric acid 3)Filter using wetted cotton (if necessary) Clear solution 4)Add syrup of lemon(12ml) 5)Complete to 90 ml with water Must be clear

11. Fiat : Alkaline solution Fiat : Acid solution Sig: 15 ml of each to be mixed directly before use. • Can we use lemon syrup (sweetening agent) in solution 1 ?? NO ,as lemon syrup contain citric acid react with NaHCO3 CO2 (effervescence) White label The Alkaline Solution One tablespoonful of each to be mixed directly before use. The Acid Solution One tablespoonful of each to be mixed directly before use. Why we use lemon syrup in solution 2?? Because flavor &taste of lemon syrup is matched & compatible with citric acid so can be used as flavoring & sweetening agent

12. b) Magnesium citratep.72 Uses: laxative ( magnesium citrate is the active ingredient) Rx Magnesium carbonate 1.5 gm Sodium bicarbonate 3 gm Citric acid 3 gm Distilled water to100 ml Fiat : mist Sig: m.d.s Calculation: ¾ vehicle (water) =100 x ¾ =75 ml

13. Procedure: • In a beaker75 ml water • Dissolve 3g citric acid • Add 1.5 g magnesium carbonate • Boil on direct flame until clear solution is obtained • Transfer to cup measure & adjust the volume with water to 100 ml • Transfer into colourless 200 ml stoppered bottle ( test it!!) • Cool to room temperature(using tap water) • Add 3g NaHCO3on the wall of the bottle & immidiately stopper the bottle • Dissolve the NaHCO3 by very gentle tilting of the bottle & slight rotation. • Keep the bottle on its side in a cool place. • don’t try to open the bottle!!

14. N.B. • This prescription illustrates the importance of the order of mixing : • First : citric + MgCO3(insoluble) heatMg Citrate (soluble)+ CO2 cool add solubleNaHCO3 Clear solution • If solNaHCO3 is added first to citric acid soluble Na Citrate &on adding MgCO3(insoluble) , it will not find enough citric acid to change it to solubleMg Citrate so some of MgCO3remain insoluble (ppt).

15. Citric acid MgCO3 NaHCO3 Xss NaHCO3 soluble Na Citrate soluble Mg Citrate soluble

16. Citric acid NaHCO3 MgCO3 Xss MgCO3 insoluble Mg Citrate soluble Na Citrate soluble

17. Auxilliary label “ keep in a cool place” • as the solubility of CO2 gas is increased at lower temperature , • At higher temperature , it will be gathered above the solution causing pressure & the conc in the solution will be lowered. • why we heat first?? • to expel CO2 help formation of sol MgCitrate • role of citric acid convert insoluble MgCO3to soluble Mg Citrate • Precaution required for storing solution charged with CO2 • a)keep bottle on its side • b) in a cool place.

18. Fiat : mist Sig.: m.d.s Keep in a Cool Place The Mixture To be taken as directed.

19. The Metric System • Measure of length: Meteris the fundamental unit. **

20. Measure of volume: liter is the fundamental unit.

21. Measure of weight: gram is the fundamental unit.

22. kilo x10 ÷ 10 hecto ÷ 10 x10 deka x10 ÷ 10 Gram or liter or meter x10 ÷ 10 deci x10 ÷ 10 centi x10 ÷ 10 milli x1000 ÷ 1000 micro x1000 ÷ 1000 nano

23. How to reduce to lower or higher denomination: • By simply moving the decimal point. Examples: • Reduce 1.23 kg to grams 1.23kg=1.23 x103 =1.23x1000 =1230 g • Reduce 85 µm to cm 85 µm = 0.085mm = 0.0085cm

24. To add or substract:we must 1) reduce them to a common denomination2)arrange numbers for addition or subtraction as ordinary decimals. • Example: Total wt of substances in a capsule: 0.075 g = 20 mg = 0.0005 g = 4 mg = 500 mcg = = 0.075g 0.020g 0.0005g 0.004 g 0.0005g 0.100 g=100 mg

25. To multiply or devide:like any decimal numbers • Example: Multiply 820 ml by 12.5 &express the result in liters 820 x 12.5 =10250 ml =10250/1000=10.250 L Problems page 7

26. Questions

27. Thank you