Thursday, April 25, 2013

1. Thursday, April 25, 2013 • Homework: • Page 711 # 1ab • Do Now: • Key terms page 706

2. The Road to War • By 1914, tensions in Europe had gotten so bad, there was no other answer than WAR • There were many causes leading up to the war • Imperialism: European nations competed for trade and territory in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific • France and England distrustfully watched as Germany expanded • Imperialism led into militarism • Glorification of the military • Military leaders gained great influence in Europe

3. Causes Continued • Nationalism, a sense of pride in one’s nation or ethnic group, helped to boost tensions even more • In the Balkan region, they desperately wanted to break free from Austria-Hungary control • Many compared the Balkans to a “powder keg” – the tiniest spark and a major war could erupt • As tensions continued to grow, alliances were formed • Germany formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary • France, Britain and Russia pledged loyalty to one another • Now, one attack would involve many different nations

4. War Begins • June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo – Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austria-Hungary throne) is assassinated by a Serbian nationalist • The alliance system brought country after country into war • Allies vs. Central Powers • Allies: led by Russia, Britain, and France • Central powers: led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire MORE THAN 20 COUNTRIES ARE NOW BECOMING INVOLVED IN THE WAR

5. The Western Front • Both sides hoped for a quick victory – This was not the case • German troops were advancing into Paris, but were halted by French and British troops in the Battle of the Marne • Fighting soon settled into a stalemate (deadlock) which dragged on for 3 years

6. The Western Front • Trench warfare became popular, which did not help the stalemate • Soldiers fire at one another from opposing sides of dugout trenches • Between the lines was an unoccupied territory called “no man’s land” • After a few days of firing, orders would be given to charge the other side, which meant going through no man’s land

7. Friday, April 26, 2013 • Homework: • Page 711 2 & 3, key terms and people page 712 • Do Now: • Have last night’s homework out (page 711 1ab) • Explain what sparked World War I fighting and explain the purpose of trench warfare

8. Technological Advances • Airplanes were being used for scouting and support for ground troops • Armored tanks appeared • Rapid fire machine guns and heavy artillery are being used • Poison gas was a new weapon for this war – causing blinding, choking, or blistering (after the war, nations had agreed to ban these chemicals)

9. American Neutrality • President Wilson tried to keep the US out of war by issuing a proclamation of “strict and impartial neutrality” • Ethnic loyalties still formed: • German Americans favored Central Powers and Irish Americans as well due to long hatred of England • Other Americans favored the Allies because Britain and the US shared a common language and history • Britain used propaganda to get support – most focused on Germany’s brutal treatment

10. Taking Sides • Legally, American companies could sell to both sides, however most made ties with the Allies • American banks made large loans to the Allies • American trade was mainly with the Allies • A British blockade did not help – they blocked off the German ports • Although Wilson objected, he came to an agreement with Britain – they had to buy more cotton to make up for the losses from German weapons

11. The Lusitania • February 1915: Germany began using U-boats because they did not have enough vessels to form a blockade around France and Britain • May 17, 1915: a U-boat sank a British passenger liner • 1,200 people are killed including 128 Americans • Wilson protested heavily and Germany agreed U-boats would no longer target passenger liners

12. November 1916: Wilson is Reelected • His slogan that helped him “He kept us out of war” • Wilson pushed for a peaceful end to this war, but Germany had resumed unrestricted submarine warfare which cut off American supplies to the British • In response, Wilson cut off diplomatic ties to Germany

13. Zimmerman Telegram • A telegram to Mexico asking them to join in the war from Germany was intercepted by British forces • Germany would help “reconquer” New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas • The telegram was released to the press on March 1 – anger exploded in America • Not only were the Germans now messing with the US secretly, but they had also sank 3 American merchant ships

14. Monday, April 29, 2013 • Please have your homework out • Page 711 questions • Page 712 key terms

15. Declaring War • In Russia, Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown • This made it easier for Americans to side with the Allies because they would not be supporting a tyrant • April 2, Wilson asks Congress to declare war against the Central Powers giving reasons such as democracy • Congress approved wholeheartedly

16. Supporting the War Effort • The US has a strong navy, but not a large army so we must mobilize, or prepare for war, quickly • Young men were eager to volunteer for war effort • Volunteers alone would not be enough • Wilson calls for a draft and Congress passes the Selective Service Act : • All men between age 21-30 must register for the military • By the end of war, almost 4 million had served

17. Women • Women were not involved in the draft • Women served in the US Army and Navy nurse corps • Some performed clerical work such as filing, sending or receiving telegraphs as part of the US military This is the first time in American history women held official military rank

18. Some women opposed war...Some hoped it would help • Jane Addams founded the Women's Peace Party • The first woman to be part of Congress, Jeannette Rankin, voted against Wilson's war resolution • Carrie Chapman Catt encouraged others to support the war effort - she felt it may help speed up the right to vote for women

19. A Diverse Makeup • America was and still is a very diverse nation • Many who fought in war were born in native lands or children of immigrants • Philippines, Mexico, or Italy • Native Americans were not required for the draft, however many volunteered • African Americans supported the war effort, but they were only allowed to fight in all black units

20. The military becomes an educator • 1 of every 4 draftees were illiterate: • They could not write letters home or read newspapers • They were not used to eating daily meals or taking bathing regularly • Some didn't even use indoor plumbing • The army taught millions how to fight, read, follow nutrition and personal hygiene as well as patriotism

21. Tuesday, April 30, 2013 • Please continue the timeline chart from yesterday

22. Managing the War Effort • Managing Food Supplies: • Herbert Hoover becomes the head of the Food Administration • His job was to secure adequate food supplies for both civilians and troops • "Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays" • "Victory Gardens"

23. Managing the War Effort • Producing for War: • Demands on American industries were growing • The War Industries Board was set up: at first they had very limited power but soon they could tell industries what to produce, how many, how much to charge, and what to conserve in other areas of production

24. Managing the War Effort • War means there is a labor Shortage! • Immigration slowed and men were leaving the workforce to fight in the military • Business owners turned to 2 main sources • women • African Americans

25. Shaping Public Opinion • Focus on Patriotism • Committee of Public Information • the committee recruited 75,000 "Four-minute men" to deliver brief patriotic speeches • enlisted artists to make pro-war cartoons and posters

26. Shaping Public Opinion • Suppressing criticism: • Under the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Acts of 1918 authorities closed newspapers and jailed anti-war individuals • War fever collided with personal feelings and the idea of spying on your neighbors became popular • 200,000 people formed the American Protective League, • they opened mail, tapped phones, and pried into medical records

27. Shaping Public Opinion • Anti-German Hysteria: • Citizens shunned, harassed and assaulted German Americans • Some German Americans were even tarred and feathered • People even changed commonly used German words • Sauerkraut became liberty cabbage • http://military.discovery.com/battles-history/videos/world-war-1-videos.htm

29. Peace Plan • Even before the war had ended, President Wilson presented his peace plan • This plan was known as the Fourteen Points • The first 5 points dealt with some of the causes of the war • Eliminate secret agreements • Freedom of seas and trade among nations • He asked for smaller armies

30. Peace Plan • The next 8 points dealt with territorial issues created by the war including self-determination • The last point was a call for an international peacekeeping body

31. Deciding on the fourteen points • January 1919 President Wilson went to Paris and was greeted by cheering crowds • The people in France liked his Fourteen Points • However, the rest of the Big Four had already made secret agreements to split up the territories of the Central Powers

32. Treaty of Versailles • The final peace agreement • This forced Germany to take full responsibility for the war and pay reparations to cover war damages • Wilson did not agree, but went along with it in order to get his peacekeeping body • In the Treaty of Versailles, an organization like the one Wilson had hoped for was included • It was called the League of Nations

33. Other Treaties • Other treaties led Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia becoming separate states • The Balkan people formed Yugoslavia • Poland became independent • Britain and France divided Germany’s African colonies • The Ottoman Empire became the new republic of Turkey

34. Tuesday, May 7, 2013 • NEWSPAPER DUE TOMORROW! • Do Now: • Name the “Big Four” and the nations they represent

35. Battle over the League • The US Senate strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles • The opposition was led by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge who felt that the League of Nations would limit America’s ability to act towards its own interests • He asked for changes, but Wilson refused • Wilson tried to rally support for the League, however he suffered a massive stroke in October • The Senate voted against the Treaty of Versailles which crippled the idea of the League of Nations with a peacekeeping power

36. Post war Troubles • This was a troubling time for the US. It was hard to adjust to peace • Influenza Epidemic: this killed more people than the war • Soldiers returning home from war could not find work • Union workers went on strike demanding higher wages

37. Red Scare • Many thought that the Communists or “Reds” were to blame for the labor troubles • Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer ordered immigrants be deported (return to their home land) when suspected of radical views • Eventually, the public turned against Palmer’s tactics and the panic soon ended