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Chapter 17

Chapter 17. Abnormal Psychology. Abnormal Behavior versus Psychological Disorders. Abnormal behavior is defined by culture. Psychological disorders are defined by psychologists and psychiatrists (in Western culture). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

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Chapter 17

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  1. Chapter 17 Abnormal Psychology

  2. Abnormal Behavior versus Psychological Disorders • Abnormal behavior is defined by culture. • Psychological disorders are defined by psychologists and psychiatrists (in Western culture).

  3. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) • Characterized by inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity • Diagnosed in school-aged children, mostly male • 15 percent of school-aged population in the United States have been diagnosed • Increasing numbers of children diagnosed with ADHD may be a reflection of changing social expectations, rather than an increase in the frequency of this neurological condition

  4. Prevalence of Mental Disorders • One in every five people living in the United States • If chemical dependencies are included, the figure increases to about 1 out of 3

  5. The Medical versus the Psychological Model • Medical model • Disordered thoughts and behavior are the result of a diseased or otherwise malfunctioning brain • Psychological model • An individual's past and present life experiences cause and maintain a psychological disorder

  6. Organic versus Functional Disorders • Organic mental disorders • Mental disorders that are caused by brain dysfunction • Example: general paresis • Freud's "psychosis” • Functional mental disorders • The brain appears to be normal • Example: depression • Freud's "neurosis”

  7. Standardizationof Diagnostic Terms • Psychiatrists and psychologists created the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders • Published by the American Psychiatric Association • Revised version DSM-IV published in 1994 • Recognizes over 200 different forms of mental disorder • Arranged in 17 categories

  8. The Five Axes of the DSM-IV

  9. The Frequency of Major Mental Disorders in the United States • As a group, anxiety disorders are the most common form of mental illness in the United States. • Depression is the most common single disorder.

  10. Four Types of Anxiety Disorders • Phobic disorder - an anxiety disorder characterized by a persistent, inappropriate fear of an object or situation • Generalized anxiety disorder - a mental disorder that is characterized by a persistent, inappropriate anxiety for which there is no apparent cause • Panic disorder - a disorder characterized by recurring rushes of paralyzing anxiety that may last for several minutes • Obsessive-compulsive disorder - a disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions

  11. The Prevalence of Phobias • The most common simple phobias are a paralyzing fear of snakes, insects, and other small, moving life forms • Many people also have social phobias and agoraphobia

  12. The Prevalence of Phobias

  13. Common Obsessive Thoughtsand Compulsions • OCD is characterized by obsessions (persistent, uncontrollable thoughts) and compulsions (ritualized behaviors) • Individuals with OCD typically have more than one obsession and follow multiple rituals

  14. Somatoform Disorders • Hypochondriasis • Somatization disorders • Conversion disorders

  15. Glove Anesthesia

  16. Subtypes of Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative fugue • Dissociative amnesia • Depersonalization disorder • Dissociative identity disorder

  17. Distinguishing Featuresof Clinical Depression • There are five ways in which clinical depression differs from lesser forms • Twice as many women as men are diagnosed with this disorder

  18. Ten Facts About Suicide

  19. The Adaptiveness of Mood Disorders • Some people may be genetically predisposed to mental illness • Sadness and depression may be adaptive in signaling the need for change

  20. Symptoms of Schizophrenia • Incoherent thinking • Delusions • Hallucinations • A deterioration of adaptive behavior • Disturbance of affect

  21. Types of Schizophrenia • Disorganized type • characterized by incoherent thought patterns • Paranoid type • characterized by thoughts of persecution or grandiose thinking • Catatonic type • characterized by muscular rigidity accompanied by lack of responsiveness

  22. Causes of Schizophrenia • Genetic factors • If one identical twin is schizophrenic, the other has a 50 percent chance of developing this disorder • Physiological factors • The dopamine hypothesis is based on the fact that schizophrenic symptoms diminish with drugs that block certain dopamine receptors, and that amphetamine stimulates dopamine receptors, producing schizophrenia-like symptoms • Environmental factors • Certain environmental factors seem to trigger schizophrenic symptoms, as predicted by the diathesis-stress model • EE studies indicate that schizophrenic patients returning home from an institution have higher relapse rates than others when family members express negativity toward them

  23. Categories of Personality Disorders

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