Chapter 10 Biomechanics of Physical Activity

1. Chapter 10 Biomechanics of Physical Activity C H A P T E R 10 Biomechanics of Physical Activity Kathy Simpson

2. Figure 10.1

3. What Is Biomechanics of Physical Activity? • Biomechanics applies the mechanical principles of physics and engineering to the motion, structure, and functioning of all living systems. • Biomechanists in the field of physical activity study how these principles affect human movement and the structure and function of the human body.

4. Goals of Biomechanics • Understand how the basic laws of physics affect and shape the structure and function of the human body. • Apply this understanding to (a) improve the outcomes of our movements (such as performance effectiveness) and (b) increase or maintain the safety and health of our tissues.

5. Application of Biomechanics • Improve movement techniques for sport performance, locomotion, and motor skill acquisition. • Improve equipment. • Prevent injury. (continued)

6. Application of Biomechanics (continued) • Guide rehabilitation and treatment • NOTE: Biomechanics of human movement must account for additional factors influencing movement that include sensations such as pain, other performers, the environment, emotions, prior experience, cultural expectations, socioeconomic class, gender, and anatomy.

7. Two Main Themes of Study in Biomechanics • Function: how we produce forces to generate, maintain, or slow down movement during physical activity • Structure: how forces (such as gravity) affect our body tissues

8. What Does a Biomechanist Do? • Researcher • Clinical biomechanist • Performance enhancement specialist • Ergonomist or human factors engineer (industrial task analysis specialist) • Forensic biomechanist • University professor • Certified orthotist or prosthetist

9. Goals of a Biomechanist • Improve performance in sport and dance • Reduce or prevent injuries at work, at home, and during exercise and sport tasks • Improve the movements of people with pathological conditions (clinical settings) • Increase performers’ health with exercise or training regimens • Assist with the design of equipment, artificial limbs, and orthoses for safety

10. History of Biomechanics Early beginnings: • Aristotle (380-320BC), Leonardo da Vinci (1400-1500s) • Biomechanics applications begin in late 1800s • Posse and Skarstrom: first use of the term kinesiology in the United States in late 1800s (continued)

11. History of Biomechanics (continued) Early beginnings (continued): • 1920s and 1930s: researchers such as Ruth Glassow, Thomas Cureton, and Charles McCloy • World events shape biomechanics (WW I, WW II, polio, prosthetics, physical therapy) • 1950s: anthropometry, human factors design (continued)

12. History of Biomechanics (continued) Era of contemporary biomechanics • 1960s: conferences, organizations, graduate-level programs, Kinesiology Section (1965) • 1970s: rapid expansion, sport medicine, dance kinesiology (biomechanics) • Late 20th century: continued expansion of university programs and organizations, switch from the term kinesiology to biomechanics to identify this subdiscipline

13. Research Methods in Biomechanics Model of Analysis: Systematic Process • Identify the question. • State performance goals. • Consider influencing factors. • Understand motions and mechanics. (continued)

14. Research Methods in Biomechanics (continued) Model of Analysis: Systematic Process • Determine relevant biomechanical principles and movement techniques. • Observe or measure. • What does it all mean? Assessment, evaluation, and interpretation. • Quantitative • Qualitative

15. Figure 10.2

16. Biomechanical Instrumentation and Other Tools • Stopwatches, metronomes, protractors, barbells, and free weights • Computer simulations • Motion measurement devices: cameras, video, light-emitting diodes (LED) • Force measurement devices: transducers, platforms, EMG

17. Assessment and Evaluation of Performers • Biomechanical profiles • Performer-related characteristics • Group of individuals • Between groups • Profiles and clinical assessment

18. Overview of Knowledge in Biomechanics of Physical Activity • How external forces (gravity, ground reaction forces, friction, fluid resistance) act on performers • How internal forces act on performers • How biomechanical laws of nature shape our movements (law of inertia, law of action–reaction, torque or moment, propulsive forces, fluid forces, and so on)

19. Biomechanists • Biomechanists as well as other physical activity specialists can apply the principles of mechanical laws to enhance performance, reduce injury, evaluate the effectiveness of a movement, or select the proper sport equipment, tool, or occupational equipment.