III. The Russian Revolution

1. III. The Russian Revolution One of the most important consequences of World War I was the Russian Revolution of 1917

2. A. The Roots of Revolution The Russian Tsars (emperors) ruled as autocrats (absolute rulers) They used secret police and strict censorship, new ideas were repressed. Most Russians were illiterate serfs who lived in poverty.

3. A. The Roots of Revolution Small groups of nobles owned thousands of serfs and enjoyed vast wealth Social conditions kept the country economically under-developed.

4. Emancipation of the Serfs Crimean War, war fought between Russian and the Ottoman Empire between 1854-1856 England and France support Turkey and Russia loses the war

5. Emancipation of the Serfs Tsar Alexander II listened to reformers and emancipated (liberated) the serfs (peasants) in 1861

6. Emancipation of the Serfs Tsar Alexander II was later assassinated which put an end to all attempts at reform Freed serfs remained landless peasants, paying rents to their former owners

7. “Autocracy, Nationality and Orthodoxy” Autocracy, single ruler “Tsar” Nationality, “Russian” Orthodoxy, “Russian Orthodox Church” Russification, forcing non-Russian people such as Finns, and Poles to adopt Russian language and culture

8. “Autocracy, Nationality and Orthodoxy” Pogroms (officially encouraged persecutions against Jews)

9. Prelude to the Revolution Russian empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean Russia remained backwards Peasants and factor workers lived in conditions of terrible poverty

10. B. Prelude to the Revolution Russian empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean Russia remained backwards Peasants and factor workers lived in conditions of terrible poverty

11. The Revolution of 1905 Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) “Bloody Sunday”, troops of the Tsar trampled on unarmed demonstrators in St. Petersburg in 1905 Revolutions broke out across the country

12. The Revolution of 1905 Peasants seized lands, workers engaged in demonstrations and general strikes Tsar Nicolas II finally granted limited reforms, creating an elected legislature known as the Duma

13. Nicholas II (the last Czar)

14. C. The Russian Revolution of 1917 Russia was not prepared for war By 1914, Nicholas II had brought Russia into the war Poorly trained and badly equipped Russian soldiers suffered disastrous defeats

15. C. The Russian Revolution of 1917 Troops were even sent into battle without ammunition Mounting defeats led to discontent in the army Russian industries were incapable of producing needed weapons and supplies

16. C. The Russian Revolution of 1917 On the home front, food supplies were dangerously low

17. The “February Revolution” (March 1917) In 1917, worker-led food riots broke out in cities all across Russia Soldiers refused to fire on striking workers Nicholas II was powerless to govern the nation • TEKS History 10(D) Identify the causes of the February (March) and October (November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

18. The “February Revolution” (March 1917) Nicholas II gave of the throne (abdicated) and the leaders of the Duma declared Russia a republic The provisional government failed to win support of the people • TEKS History 10(D) Identify the causes of the February (March) and October (November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

19. The “October Revolution” (November 1917) Vladimir Lenin was a follower of Karl Marx Living in exile, the Germans sent him back to Russia, hoping he would cause unrest in Russia • TEKS History 10(D) Identify the causes of the February (March) and October (November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

20. Lenin takes over http://www.fbuch.com/leon.htm

21. The “October Revolution” (November 1917) Lenin’s supporters, known as the Bolsheviks, promised “Peace, Bread, and Land” to Russian peasants They seized power by force in Nov. 1917 • TEKS History 10(D) Identify the causes of the February (March) and October (November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

22. The “October Revolution” (November 1917) The Bolsheviks became the Communists Russia became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (U.S.S.R.) or Soviet Union • TEKS History 10(D) Identify the causes of the February (March) and October (November) revolutions of 1917 in Russia, their effects on the outcome of World War I, and the Bolshevik establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

23. The Revolution of 1917

24. D. The Soviet Union Under Lenin: 1917-1924 The Communist believed a world wide communist revolution was about to begin Lenin believed that a small group of dedicated party members must lead the country along the path to Communist equality

25. D. The Soviet Union Under Lenin: 1917-1924 Lenin argued that after the revolution, a “temporary dictatorship” of party leaders was needed because the workers, brought up in capitalist society, could not be trusted to know their own true interests

26. The Russian Civil War (1919-1921) Once in power the Communist immediately withdrew from the war against Germany Transferred millions of acres of land to the poorer peasants

27. The Russian Civil War (1919-1921) Workers were organized to control and operate factories and all industries were nationalized (taken over by the government)

28. The Russian Civil War (1919-1921) A civil war followed between the “Reds” and “Whites” The “Reds” or communists supported Lenin’s program The “Whites” or anticommunist wished to return to the rule of the Tsar

29. The Russian Civil War (1919-1921) The U.S. intervened sending troops to help the “Whites” The Red Army enjoyed greater support from peasants and workers Lenin had the Nicholas and his family executed in cold blood

30. The Russian Civil War (1919-1921) After two years of fighting, the Reds defeated the Whites Russia had become the world’s first Communist country

31. Lenin’s New Economic Policy Russia’s economy was in shambles By 1920, peasants were no longer growing enough food, since they were afraid it would be seized by the government By 1921, a severe famine hit Russia

32. Lenin’s New Economic Policy Lenin concluded that the Communist policies must be temporarily put aside to avoid disaster Lenin wanted to keep the peasants satisfied and keep the Bolsheviks in power

33. Lenin’s New Economic Policy In 1921, Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy or “NEP” in which some private ownership was permitted in small-scale manufacturing and agriculture The government continued to control major industries

34. Lenin’s New Economic Policy The N.E.P. succeeded slowly increasing production Lenin died in 1924 Many thought Leon Trotsky, leader of the Red Army would succeed him Joseph Stalin managed to gain control

37. Territory given to Germany

39. 8,500,000 Battlefield Deaths http://www.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/photos/bin13/imag1287.jpg

40. 5-13,000,000 Civilian Dead http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/photos/bin09/imag0840.jpg