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Contested Landscapes: Who’s Right and Whose Right?

Teotihuacán. Contested Landscapes: Who’s Right and Whose Right?. Section 111. Contested Landscapes. Contested landscapes are those archaeological sites that have strong significance to a variety of different interest groups. Significance. Religious. Economic. Tourism. Nationalism.

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Contested Landscapes: Who’s Right and Whose Right?

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  1. Teotihuacán Contested Landscapes: Who’s Right and Whose Right? Section 111

  2. Contested Landscapes Contested landscapes are those archaeological sites that have strong significance to a variety of different interest groups Significance Religious Economic Tourism Nationalism Pleasure

  3. Overview Goal: To present the “multivocality” of contestation, the many viewpoints of the site’s significance.

  4. Overview How does a land that means so much to so many people create such rifts in society?

  5. History, Chronology and Archaeology Teotihuacan • 30 miles from Mexico City • One of the largest cities in ancient Mexico (300-500BC) • 200,000 inhabitants peak in 600AD. • Downfall in 750 AD • Central Teotihuacán mysteriously burned down – reasons unknown • Aztecs discovered the site and named it“The city of the gods” in Nahuatl, an Aztec language

  6. History, Chronology and Archaeology Excavation and reconstruction (late 1800’s to present) discoveries: very well developed civilization for its time • Unique urban layout • Monumental architecture • Strong religious and political influence • over 2,000 structures • Several pyramids • Residential neighborhoods (8 sq. mi and larger)

  7. History, Chronology and Archaeology Much of Teotihuacan’s chronology is based on: • ceramic typology • stratigraphic data • Carbon 14 dating In the 1960s: • French archaeologist René Millon • led the first systematic survey • “The Teotihuacán Mapping Project”

  8. Religious and Spiritual Significance Teotihuacános were extremely religious. The three most important religious pyramids were: • 210 feet tall • 700 feet at its baselines • 268 steps to its summit • The Storm God, also called Tlaloc was “housed” in the Pyramid of the Moon • The deity depicted here, Quetzalcoatl was as important as Christ is to Christians

  9. Religious and Spiritual Significance • Priests - primary importance and prominent role in society • Human sacrifices assured humanity’s continued existence • At least 100 to 200 of Teotihuacan's own soldiers were sacrificed in two ceremonies: • The layout and architecture harmonized with religious beliefs • Avenue of the Dead • Architecture reflects divisions in calendar

  10. Identity and Nationalism

  11. Identity and Nationalism • Government demands the turning over artifacts to the national museum • Alienation of many other groups without Aztec ties. • Nationalistic pride by utilizing archaeological research. • Teotihuacan represented as a greater Mexican past and heritage • Aztec civilization elevated to the glory and historic significance of the ancient European civilizations

  12. Economic Significance Teotihuacan made into a World Heritage site in 1987 by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) • Main tenant of World Heritage preservation is economic gain through international tourism • The economic boom brings: • Money for restoration and upkeep • Great damage through trampling and graffiti

  13. Economic Significance • One of the largest sources of income and most visited places in Mexico today • 3rd most important economic activity in Mexico • Mexico ranks 8th in the number of international visitors and 10th in international tourism revenues • In 2005, Mexico’s tourism industry brought in $10 billion and Mexico is home to the worlds seventh largest hotel industry

  14. Stakeholders Major stakeholders include: • INAH and the Mexican government • those living on the outskirts of Teotihuacan • Wal-Mart and other big corporations • New Agers • Archaeologists • indigenous people

  15. Stakeholders: Wal-Mart

  16. Stakeholders: Wal-Mart

  17. Conclusion

  18. Credits Ralitza Dineva significance research, script compiling, editing PowerPoint slides, overall editing

  19. Credits Gracie Halpern research, scriptwriter

  20. Credits Lotus Lee Basic Teotihuacan Research Script Editing Media Pictures/Images, Music

  21. Credits Damon Klebe - Research: Architectural Symbolism, Landscape,Centralization, Nationalism; Organization; Bibliography.

  22. Credits Kate Fickas Contested Landscape Research, Image Compilation, Power Point Compilation/Production, PowerPoint editing

  23. Credits Michelle Torres Image Compilation, Video Compilation, Econ/Tourism Research

  24. Credits Eric Koo Research, Bibliography, Project Compilation

  25. Credits Lucky Sachdeva General/Background Research, Bibliography, Videos/Pictures.

  26. Credits Valerie Lu Narration Production

  27. Credits Hana Cutura Research, and Image compilation

  28. Credits Sam Csider Script Writing and Image Compilation

  29. Credits Michelle Nguyeni Walmart Research.

  30. Credits Kinh Cun Research on General Info, Image Compiler

  31. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alonso, Ana Maria. “Conforming Disconformity: ‘Mestizaje,’ Hybridity, and the Aesthetics of Mexican Nationalism.” Cultural Anthropology. Vol. 19, No. 4. Pg. 459-490. 2004. Barbezat, Susan. “Teotihuacan Tour” Mexico for Visitors. Ed. Spencer Tunick. 13 Nov. 2002 <http://gomexico.about.com/od/ancientsites/ss/teotihuacan.htm>. Bender, Barbara. “Landscapes on the Move.” Journal of Social Archaeology. Vol. 1, No. 1. Pg. 75-89. 2001. Bender, Barbara. “Time and Landscape.” Current Anthropology. Vol. 43 Pg. S103-S112 Aug-Oct 2002. Berrin, Kathleen, and Esther Pasztory. Teotihuacan: Art from the City of the Gods.New York: Thames and Hudson, 1993. Bueno, Christina. “Excavating Identity: Archaeology and Nation in Mexico 1876-1911.” Doctoral Dissertation. History Department, The University of California at Davis. 2004. Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip and Ferguson, T.J. “Memory Pieces and Footprints: Multivocality and the Meanings of Ancient Times and Ancestral Places among the Zuni and Hopi.” American Anthropologist. Vol. 108, No. 1. Pg. 148-162. 2006. Department of Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. "Teotihuacan: Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon”. Timeline of Art History. 24 Oct. 2001. <http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/teot2/hd_teot2.htm>. “Encylopedia Britannica Presents Hispanic Heritage in the Amercias.” Encyolpedia Britannica, Inc. 2007 <http://www.library.eb.com/hispanic_heritage/article-

  32. Kahn, Miriam. “Tahiti Intertwined: Ancestral land, Tourist Postcard and Nuclear Test Site.”American Anthropologist Vol. 102, No.1 Pg. 7-26. March 2000. • Lawrence-Zuniga, Denise. “Contested Landscapes: Movement, Exile and Place.- Book Review”American Anthropologist Vol. 105, No. 3. Pg. 639-640. Sept 2003 • Occhipinti, Laurie “Claiming a Place: Land and Identity in Two Communities in Northwestern Argentina.”The Journal of Latin American Anthropology. Vol. 8, No. 3. Pg. 155-174. 2003. • O'Halleran, Kathy. “ Part Two: The Mysteries of Teotihuacan.” Suite 101. Enter Curious. 20 Jul, 1999. <http://www.suite101.com/print_article.cfm/history_mesoamerica_ • retired/22735>. • Manzanilla, Linda. “Emergence and Change in Early Urban Societies.”H-Net Reviews in the Humanities &Social Sciences. Pg. 1-4. Oct. 1998. • Manzanilla, Linda. “Houses and Ancestors, Altars and Relics: Mortuary Patterns and Teotihuacan, Central Mexico.”Anthro Source • Medina, Laurie Kroshus. “History, Culture, and Place-Making: ‘Native’ Status and Maya Identity in Belize”Journal of Latin American Anthropology Vol. 4, No. 1 Pg. 133-165. 1999 • Rodman, Margaret C. “Empowering Place: Multilocality and Multivocality.” In American Anthropologist. Vol. 94, No. 3. pp. 640-656. 1992. • Ross, John. “Wal-Mart Invades Mexico.” Counterpunch. Ed. Alexander Cockburn. • 17 Mar. 2005. <http://www.counterpunch.org/ross03172005.html>. • Sugiyama, Saburo. “Teotihuacan: Introduction.” Archaeology of Teotihuacan. Arizona State University, Dept. of Anthropology, Tempe, AZ. 20 Oct. 2001. • Sugiyama, Saburo. "The Feathered Serpent Pyramid: Chronology Chart for Teotihuacan." • Archaeology of Teotihuacan. Arizona State University, Dept. of Anthropology, Tempe, AZ. 20 Oct. 2001. • Sugiyama, Saburo. “Worldview Materialized in Teotihuacan, Mexico.” Latin American • Antiquity, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1993. pp. 103-129. • Watkins, Joe. “Cultural Nationalists, Internationalist, and ‘Intra-nationalists’: Who’s Right and Whose Right?”International Journal of Cultural Property Vol. 12 Pg. 78-94. 2005

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