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CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1. THE HUMAN BODY: AN OVERVIEW. ANATOMY. THE STRUCTURE OF BODY PARTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO ONE ANOTHER. PHYSIOLOGY. CONCERNS THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY. GROSS OR MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY. STUDY OF LARGE BODY STRUCTURES

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CHAPTER 1

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  1. CHAPTER 1 THE HUMAN BODY: AN OVERVIEW

  2. ANATOMY • THE STRUCTURE OF BODY PARTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO ONE ANOTHER.

  3. PHYSIOLOGY • CONCERNS THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY.

  4. GROSS OR MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY • STUDY OF LARGE BODY STRUCTURES • REGIONAL ANATOMY – ALL STRUCTURES IN A A PARTICULAR REGION OF THE BODY (EX. LEG) • SYSTEMIC ANATOMY – STUDIED SYSTEM BY SYSTEM • SURFACE ANATOMY – STUDY OF INTERNAL STRUCTURES AS THEY RELATE TO THE OVERLYING SKIN SURFACE.

  5. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY • STRUCTURES TOO SMALL TO BE SEEN WITH THE NAKED EYE • CYTOLOGY – CELLS OF THE BODY • HISTOLOGY – TISSUES OF THE BODY

  6. DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY • STRUCTURAL CHANGES THROUGHOUT A LIFESPAN • EMBRYOLOGY – DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES BEFORE BIRTH

  7. PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY • STRUCTURAL CHANGES CAUSED BY DISEASE

  8. RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY • INTERNAL STRUCTURES UNDER X-RAY OR OTHER SCANS

  9. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY • CAN BE GROUPED UNDER ANATOMY WHEN LOOKING AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL

  10. TOOLS FOR STUDYING ANATOMY • ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY • OBSERVATION • MANIPULATION • PALPATION (FEELING ORGANS WITH HANDS) • AUSCULTATION (LISTENING WITH A STETHOSCOPE)

  11. RENAL PHYSIOLOGY • KIDNEY FUNCTION AND URINE PRODUCTION

  12. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY • WORKINGS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

  13. CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY • OPERATION OF HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS

  14. PHYSIOLOGY OFTEN FOCUSES ON MOLECULAR OR CELLULAR LEVELS • PHYSIOLOGY ALSO RESTS ON PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS • EX. BLOOD PRESSURE • ELECTRIC CURRENTS • MUSCLES AND BONES

  15. COMPLEMENTARITY OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION • FUNCTION ALWAYS REFLECTS STRUCTURE • EX. BONES • EX. HEART (BLOOD) • EX. GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS

  16. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION (FIG. 1.1) • CHEMICAL LEVEL (ATOMS – MOLECULES – ORGANELLES) • CELLULAR LEVEL • TISSUE LEVEL (4 TYPES) • ORGAN LEVEL (COMPOSED OF AT LEAST TWO TISSUES) • ORGAN SYSTEM (FIG. 1.3) • ORGANISMAL LEVEL

  17. MAINTAINING LIFE

  18. NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS

  19. MAINTAINING BOUNDARIES • EVERY LIVING ORGANISM MUST MAINTAIN BOUNDARIES SO THAT ITS INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT REMAINS DISTINCT FROM ITS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. • SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANES • THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)

  20. MOVEMENT • INCLUDES ACTIVITIES PROMOTED BY THE MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEM • ALSO OCCURS WHEN SUBSTANCES SUCH AS BLOOD, FOODSTUFFS, AND URINE ARE PROPELLED THROUGH INTERNAL ORGANS. (WHAT SYSTEMS?) • THE MUSCLE CELL’S ABILITY TO MOVE BY SHORTENING IS CALLED CONTRACTIVITY.

  21. RESPONSIVENESS (IRRITABILITY) • THE ABILITY TO SENSE CHANGES (STIMULI)IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND THEN RESPOND TO THEM. • EX. CUT YOUR HAND – YOU INVOLUNTARILY PULL YOUR HAND AWAY. • THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS MOST INVOLVED WITH RESPONSIVENESS.

  22. DIGESTION • BREAKING DOWN OF INGESTED FOODSTUFFS TO SIMPLE MOLECULES THAT CAN BE ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD AND DISTRIBUTED TO ALL CELLS BY THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. • IN A SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISM, THE CELL ITSSELF IS THE DIGESTIVE FACTORY.

  23. METABOLISM • INCLUDES ALL REACITONS THAT OCCUR IN BODY CELLS • CATABOLISM – BREAKING DOWN SUBSTANCES INTO THEIR SIMPLER BUILDING BLOCKS. • ANABOLISM – SYNTHESIZING MORE COMPLEX CELLULAR STRUCTURES FROM SIMPLER SUBSTANCES. • CELLULAR RESPIRATION – USING NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN TO PRODUCE ATP. • METABOLISM IS REGULATED LARGELY BY HORMONES SECRETED BY ENDOCRINE SYSTEM GLANDS.

  24. EXCRETION • REMOVING EXCRETA (WASTES) FROM THE BODY • INVOLVES DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, URINARY SYSTEM, CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

  25. REPRODUCTION • CAN OCCUR AT THE CELLULAR OR ORGANISMAL LEVEL

  26. GROWTH • USUALLY ACCOMPLISHED BY INCREASING # OF CELLS • CONSTRUCTIVE ACTIVITIES MUST OCCUR FASTER THAN DESTRUCTIVE ONES

  27. SURVIVAL NEEDS

  28. NUTRIENTS • CARBOHYDRATES-MAJOR ENERGY FUEL FOR CELLS • PROTEINS-ESSENTIAL FOR BUILDING CELL STRUCTURES • FATS-CUSION, FORM INSULATING LAYERS, AND SERVE AS ENERGY RESERVES • ALL NUTRIENTS ARE USELESS WITHOUT OXYGEN

  29. WATER • 60 TO 80% OF BODY WEIGHT • PROVIDES WATERY ENVIRONMENT FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS TO OCCUR • MAKES FLUID BASE FOR SECRETIONS AND EXCRETIONS

  30. NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE • MUST BE MAINTAINED FOR PROPER METABOLISM

  31. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE • AFFECTS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

  32. HOMEOSTASIS

  33. HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS • VARIABLE – FACTOR OR EVENT BEING REGULATED • ALL HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS HAVE AT LEAST 3 INTERDEPENDENT COMPONENTS: 1. RECEPTOR 2. CONTROL CENTER 3. EFFECTOR

  34. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANSIMS • MOST HCM’S ARE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS • THE OUTPUT SHUTS OFF THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS OR REDUCES IT’S INTENSITY • EX. HOME HEATING SYSTEM • EX. GLUCOSE AND INSULIN

  35. POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS • THE RESULT OR RESPONSE ENHANCES THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS SO THAT THE ACTIVITY (OUTPUT) IS ACCELERATED. (MANY TIMES RACES OUT OF CONTROL) • EX. LABOR • EX. BLOOD CLOTTING

  36. THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

  37. ANATOMICAL POSISTION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS

  38. ANATOMICAL POSITION • THE ANATOMICAL REFERENCE POINT IS A STANDARD BODY POSISTION CALLED THE ANATOMICAL POSITION • BODY ERECT WITH FEET ONLY SLIGHTLY APART • PALMS FORWARD, THUMBS POINT AWAY FROM BODY • THE TERMS “RIGHT” AND “LEFT” REFER TO THOSE SIDES OF THE PERSON OR THE CADAVER BEING VIEWED, NOT THOSE OF THE OBSERVER.

  39. DIRECTIONAL TERMS • ALLOW US TO EXPLAIN WHERE ONE BODY STRUCTURE IS IN RELATION TO ANOTHER • STUDY TABLE 1.1 PAGE 13 !!!

  40. REGIONAL TERMS • STUDY FIGURE 1.7 !!! • 2 MAIN BODY DIVISIONS: AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR • AXIAL – HEAD, NECK, TRUNK • APPENDICULAR – APPENDAGES, OR LIMBS • REGIONAL TERMS ARE USED TO DESIGNATE SPECIFIC AREAS WITHIN THESE 2 MAJOR DIVISIONS

  41. ANATOMICAL VARIABILITY • HUMANS CAN HAVE SLIGHT INTERNAL ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES • WELL OVER 90% OF ALL STRUCTURES IN THE HUMAN BODY MATCH THE TEXTBOOK DESCRIPTION

  42. BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS

  43. FOR ANATOMICL STUDY, THE BODY IS OFTEN SECTIONED (CUT) ALONG A FLAT SURFACE CALLED A PLANE • MOST FREQUENTLY USED – SAGITTAL, FRONTAL, AND TRANSVERSE • SECTIONS ARE NAMED FOR THE PLANE ON WHICH THEY ARE CUT

  44. SAGITTAL PLANE • VERTICAL CUT/LINE • DIVIDES RIGHT AND LEFT • EXACT MIDLINE – MEDIAN PLANE OR MIDSAGITTAL PLANE • ALL OTHER ARE PARASAGITTAL

  45. FRONTAL PLANES • VERTICAL CUT/LINE • DIVIDES INTO ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR • ALSO CALLED A “CORONAL” PLANE

  46. TRANSVERSE OR HORIZONTAL PLANES • RUNS HORIZONTALLY FROM RIGHT TO LEFT DIVIDING THE BODY INTO SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR PARTS • CAN EXIST AT EVERY POSSIBLE LEVEL HEAD TO FOOT • ALSO CALLED CROSS SECTION

  47. OBLIQUE SECTIONS • DIAGONAL CUT/LINE • NOT USED MUCH • NEW MEDICAL IMAGING DEVICES PRODUCE SECTIONAL IMAGES RATHER THAN 3-D

  48. BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES

  49. DORSAL AND VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES • THE AXIAL PORTION OF THE BODY HAS 2 LARGE CAVITIES CALLED THE DORSAL AND VENTRAL CAVITIES • DORSAL BODY CAVITY – CONTAINS NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANS. 2 SUBDIV. – CRANIAL AND VERTEBRAL CAVITIES • VENTRAL BODY CAVITY – MORE ANTERIOR, 2 MAJOR SUBDIV – THORACIC AND ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES, HOUSES INTERNAL ORGANS COLLECTIVELY KNOWN AS VISCERAL ORGANS

  50. THORACIC CAVITY • SURROUNDED BY RIBS AND MUSCLES OF THE CHEST • 2 SUDIV – PLEURAL CAVITY AND MEDIASTINUM (PERICARDIAL) CAVITY • THE THORACIC CAVITY IS SEPARATED FROM THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY BY THE DIAPHRAGM

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