Low Carbon Strategies for Business : Experience of the University of East Anglia

1. CRed Carbon Reduction UK academic lecture series 2008 Tokyo: 16th June 2008 Low Carbon Strategies for Business: Experience of the University of East Anglia Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal 5th October 2007 N.K. Tovey (杜伟贤) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук Energy Science DirectorCRedProject HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation

2. Low Carbon Strategies for Business: Experience of the University of East Anglia The twin critical issues facing us: • Global Warming / Climate change • need to reduce carbon emissions • Energy Security • recent high oil prices are a foretaste of what may happen • demand is outstripping supply Are there conflicts between these issues? Experience of the University of East Anglia

3. Evidence of Climate Change 3

4. Oil and Gas on Earth are running out Gas and Oil Production - ASPO projection 2004 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Billion barrels of oil a year 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

5. Comparison of Discoveries and Demand We need to consider alternatives now

6. UK Gas Production and Demand Import Gap

7. Norwich Consequence of ~ 1m rise Consequence of ~ 6m rise (Source: Prof. Bill McGuire, University College London) Norwich City would be playing water polo!

8. 2003 1979 Climate ChangeArctic meltdown 1979 - 2003 • Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region • Nasa satellite imagery • 20% reduction in 24 years Source: Nasa http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html

9. What is the magnitude of the CO2 problem? How do UK and Japan compare with other countries? Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others? Japan UK Per capita Carbon Emissions

10. Carbon Emissions and GDP USA Netherlands Russia UK Germany Greece Japan Italy Denmark Norway Libya Switzerland France Sweden China Turkey India

11. Carbon Emissions and Electricity

12. Carbon Emissions and Electricity China UK Japan Luxembourg

13. Comparison of Japanese and UK Electricity Mix Japan UK

14. Electricity Generation i n selected Countries r

15. Low Carbon Strategies for Business: Experience of the University of East Anglia • What prospects are there for the future? • Reduce existing fossil fuel energy use by: • Awareness Raising • Good Management • Improvements in energy efficiency technology • Renewable Energy • Offsets Experience of the University of East Anglia in Addressing these Issues

16. Teaching wall Library Student residences Original buildings

17. Nelson Court Constable Terrace

18. Constable Terrace - 1993 • Four Storey Student Residence • Divided into “houses” of 10 • units each with en-suite facilities • Heat Recovery of body and cooking • heat ~ 50%. • Insulation standards exceed 2006 • standards • Small 250 W panel heaters in • individual rooms.

19. Low Energy Educational Buildings Medical School Phase 2 ZICER Elizabeth Fry Building Nursing and Midwifery School Medical School

20. The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler. 8

21. Conservation: management improvements – User Satisfaction thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

22. ZICER Building Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.

23. The ZICER Building - Description • Four storeys high and a basement • Total floor area of 2860 sq.m • Two construction types • Main part of the building • High in thermal mass • Air tight • High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity Structural Engineers: Whitby Bird

24. The ground floor open plan office The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices

25. Operation of Main Building Regenerative heat exchanger Mechanically ventilated using hollow core slabs as air supply ducts. Incoming air into the AHU

26. Operation of Main Building Filter Heater Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs Air enters the internal occupied space

27. Space for future chilling Return air passes through the heat exchanger Operation of Main Building Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement. Out of the building Return stale air is extracted

28. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat Winter Day

29. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cool air Cool air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. In late afternoon heating is turned off. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs also radiate heat back into room Winter Night

30. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cold air Cold air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. night ventilation/ free cooling Draws out the heat accumulated during the day Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day Summer night

31. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning Summer day

32. Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements 800 350 Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%

33. Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER as built compared to other heating/cooling strategies Naturally Ventilated 221508GJ Air Conditioned 384967GJ As Built 209441GJ Materials Production Materials Transport On site construction energy Workforce Transport Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy Functional Energy Refurbishment Energy Demolition Energy 28% 54% 34% 51% 29% 61%

34. Comparison of Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER Comparisons assume identical size, shape and orientation Compared to the Air-conditioned office, ZICER recovers extra energy required in construction in under 1 year.

35. ZICER Building • Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV • Windows are semi transparent • Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays • Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays Photo shows only part of top Floor

36. Performance of PV cells on ZICER Load factors Output per unit area Little difference between orientations in winter months

37. Performance of PV cells on ZICER - January All arrays of cells on roof have similar performance respond to actual solar radiation Radiation is shown as percentage of mid-day maximum to highlight passage of clouds The three arrays on the façade respond differently

38. 120 150 180 210 240 Orientation relative to True North

40. Arrangement of Cells on Facade Individual cells are connected horizontally If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected. As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive

41. Use of PV generated energy Peak output is 34 kW Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient Most use is for computers DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient Need an integrated approach

42. Performance of PV cells on ZICER Cost of Generated Electricity Grant was ~ £172 000 out of a total of ~ £480 000

43. 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses GAS Exhaust Heat Exchanger Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly 36%efficient 61% Flue Losses 86%efficient Engine heat Exchanger

44. UEA’s Combined Heat and Power 3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

45. Conversion efficiency improvements Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

46. Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer

47. Conversion Efficiency Improvements Heat rejected Compressor Condenser Throttle Valve Evaporator Heat extracted for cooling Normal Chilling High Temperature High Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure 19

48. Conversion Efficiency Improvements Heat from external source High Temperature High Pressure Heat rejected Desorber Heat Exchanger Condenser Throttle Valve W ~ 0 Evaporator Absorber Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat extracted for cooling Adsorption Chilling 19

49. A 1 MW Adsorption chiller • Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP • Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer • Will reduce electricity demand in summer • Will increase electricity generated locally • Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

50. The Future: Advanced Gasifier Biomass CHP Plant UEA has grown by over 40% since 2000 and energy demand is increasing. • New Biomass Plant will provide an extra 1.4MWe , and 2MWth • Will produce gas from waste wood which is then used as fuel for CHP plant • Under 7 year payback • Local wood fuel from waste wood and local sustainable sources • Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by a further 35%