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Minerals

Minerals. Humans cannot survive without minerals. 16 minerals needed for humans to survive .03% of what we eat but we would not survive without the minerals Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, phosphorous . Minerals make-up many practical parts of our lives.

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Minerals

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  1. Minerals

  2. Humans cannot survive without minerals • 16 minerals needed for humans to survive • .03% of what we eat but we would not survive without the minerals • Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, phosphorous

  3. Minerals make-up many practical parts of our lives

  4. Glass is made from 6 minerals • Silica • Limestone • Magnesium • Boric acid • Soda • Aluminum • 40 billion glass containers/year in USA • 35 % are recycled

  5. Gold in California • Discovered in the American River, 1848 • Gold Rush- 1849 • Population of SF- 575 males,177 females, 60 children- March, 1848 • 100,000- December 1849 • Chinese, Welsh, German, English, Mexican, Spanish and French • Diversity of California

  6. Salt • Early people collected salt before they understood how important the mineral is for survival • Mediterranean-salt cakes were used as money • Greeks traded salt for slaves • England flourished when fuel for boiling brine changed from wood to coal

  7. Minerals are mined for our use Magmatic copper, magnetite, uranium

  8. What is a mineral? • Naturally occurring • Inorganic • Crystalline structure Halite, salt, sodium chloride

  9. An atom is the smallest component of matter Each element is defined by the number of protons The atom must be electrically neutral The number of protons equals the number of electrons Atoms make-up minerals http://www.howstuffworks.com/atom/htm#

  10. Eight elements make-up 99% of the Earth’s crust Silicon and oxygen make-up 70 % of the Earth’s crust

  11. Why do atoms combine to form minerals? • Write the following questions and answer in your notes: • Look at the salt with the hand lens • What is the color? • What is the shape of the crystals? • Does the shape match the halite crystals? • What is a distinguishing characteristic of salt?

  12. Salt is also named Sodium Chloride • Look at the periodic table: • Write the chemical notation, atomic number and atomic weight for sodium and chlorine • Now sketch an atom with the nucleus containing the correct number of protons and neutrons • Sketch the electrons on the “rings” around the nucleus

  13. Sodium chloride: sketch a diagram of the sodium and chlorine atoms

  14. Why do sodium and chlorine combine to form salt? • Explain why sodium and chlorine combine to form salt

  15. The configuration of electrons determines if an atom will respond with another atom The sodium atom has one electron on its outer ring. The Chlorine atom has 7 electrons on its outer ring. The two atoms share electrons forming an ionic bond.

  16. Atomic structure determines the mineral’s characteristics Salt or halite always has a cubic form and tastes salty.

  17. The one electron on the outer shell is given up This leaves the sodium atom with more protons, +1 The one electron is added to Chlorines outer shell This leaves the chlorine atom with one more electron, -1 Cations and Anions cation anion

  18. Cooling of magma: crystallization Evaporation: salt Hydrothermal Mineral Formation

  19. Silicate minerals are the building block of igneous rocks Granite: individual minerals make-up the rock Mountains, British Columbia

  20. Minerals are the building block of rocks Quartz Biotitie Feldspar crystal Hornblende

  21. Minerals can be identified by physical properties • Crystal habit • Cleavage • Fracture Equant garnet: same dimension in all directions Quartz has a conchoidal fracture Mica has a single, perfect cleavage

  22. Color malachite apatite sulfur

  23. How the mineral can be scratched Fingernail Penny File or knife Hardness

  24. Minerals leave a distinct residue on a porcelain plate Streak

  25. Luster • Metallic or non-metallic

  26. Classification of Minerals • Composition • Rock forming minerals contain silicon and oxygen The silicon tetrahedron

  27. The arrangement of the silicon tetrahedron determines the mineral’s shape Hornblende: double chain Olivine Biotite: sheet structure; breaks easily on one surface

  28. Mineral Classification: based on dominant element Sulfides: contains the element sulfur Pyrite: fool’s gold; FeS2 Galena: PbS; important ore of lead

  29. Mineral Classification: based on dominant element • Carbonates: contains calcium carbonate; CaCO3 Dolomite: CaMg(CO3)2 Calcite: CaCo3

  30. Summary • Mineral definition • How do minerals form? • Read and understand information associated with the periodic table of the elements • Be able to sketch a diagram of an atom: hydrogen, helium, carbon, sodium, chlorine • How are minerals classified: rock forming minerals? Silicates, sulfides, carbonates • Name and describe the physical characteristics to distinguish minerals.

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