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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. Motor Control Theories. Information flow and action control. Feedback guided control or closed-loop control. Information flow and action control. Planned control or open-loop control . Identify the flow of information controlling the action. The give and take of information flow.

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 Motor Control Theories

  2. Information flow and action control • Feedback guided control or closed-loop control

  3. Information flow and action control • Planned control or open-loop control

  4. Identify the flow of information controlling the action

  5. The give and take of information flow • Is one type of control better than the other? • Is one type of control better for discrete, serial, or continuous skills? • Is one type of control better for an open or closed environment or skill? • What is an advantage of closed-loop control? • What is an advantage of open-loop control?

  6. Why are theories important? • Theories provide a framework for understanding phenomena • Theories provide a framework for understanding outcomes • Theories provide a framework for developing applications

  7. Theories of Action or Motor Control • At the most general level: What do motor control/learning theories need to explain? • Coordination • Degrees of freedom and DF problem • Constraints

  8. Theories of Action or Motor Control • At the specific level of events or actions: how have motor control/learning theories attempted to explain things? • Coordination: What are the controlled variables? • How is the action controlled? • How are DF organized or constrained to reduce the problem of control and/or coordination?

  9. Motor program theories • Central representation • Selection rules • How is a program assembled?

  10. Schmidt’s Schema theory: GMP • Generalized motor program (GMP) • What type of actions was the theory designed to explain?

  11. Schmidt’s Schema Theory:MRS • Motor response schema (MRS) • Examples of GMPs and parameters

  12. Throwing

  13. Writing your name • Serial action

  14. Writing your name • What DF can be used to write your name?

  15. Locomotion: stride analysis Stance Swing

  16. 1500 60 50 1200 Step cycle duration (ms) 40 Percent of step cycle 30 900 20 walking running 600 10 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 Speed of locomotion (km/hr) walking running 0 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 Speed of locomotion (km/hr) Rhythmic actions and GMPs

  17. Dynamic pattern theory: Key concepts • Self-organization • Attractor • Order parameter • Coordinative structure

  18. Behavior without a detailed program

  19. Behavior without a detailed program

  20. o 0 o 1 8 0 A B D A B D L e f t L e f t F i n g e r F i n g e r A D D A D D A B D A B D R i g h t R i g h t F i n g e r F i n g e r A D D A D D Dynamic patterns: self-organization in human motor skills

  21. Keeping time

  22. Right finger Left finger Dynamic patterns: phase transition between behavioral patterns A B D A D D 1.5 Hz 1.75 Hz 2.0 Hz 2.5 Hz Ab RH Ad transition Ab LH Ad Ab LH Ad

  23. 1 8 0 6 0 1 6 0 ) ) g g 5 0 1 4 0 e e d d ( ( e D 1 2 0 s S 4 0 a h e s P 1 0 0 a e h v 3 0 P i 8 0 t a e l v e i t R 6 0 a 2 0 l n e a R e 4 0 M 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 . 5 2 . 0 3 . 0 2 . 5 D r i v i n g f r e q u e n c y ( H z ) Dynamic patterns: compare in-phase and anti-phase

  24. Left-H. Right-H. Bimanual coordination: from cortex to limbs • Is there a transition in the brain? • Where does the instability (loss of stability) come from?

  25. 1 . 5 H z 1 . 7 5 H z 2 . 0 H z 2 . 2 5 H z A B D A D D P o s i t i o n o f R i g h t i n d e x f i n g e r P o s i t i o n o f L e f t i n d e x f i n g e r 5 0 0 m s Neural crosstalk: from muscle to limbs

  26. Interpersonal coordination skills • Schmidt et al. (1990)

  27. 180 45 Standard deviation (VE) Mean relative phase 150 35 25 90 15 30 5 Increasing speed Tr Increasing speed Increasing speed Tr Increasing speed Interpersonal dynamics • What happened when movement frequency was increased?

  28. Perceptual threshold • Smooth pursuit eye movements

  29. More emergent phenomenon: walking and objects • Perception-action coupling

  30. Chapter 6 Touch, Proprioception and Vision

  31. Perception-action • All actions require a transfer of perceptual information into motor commands • Closed-loop control • Open-loop control

  32. Tactile sensations • Mechanoreceptors • Role in action control (closer look pg. 111)

  33. Proprioception: limb and body position and movement • Muscle spindles • Golgi-tendon organs (GTO) • Joint receptors

  34. Deafferentation: • Surgical • Temporary • Neuropathy • Tendon vibration

  35. Error (cm) Sensory neuropathy: loss of proprioception • Blouin et al. (1993) • Independent variables • Dependent variable

  36. Sensory neuropathy: loss of tactile and proprioception • Bimanual coordination (Spencer et al. 2005) • Draw two circles

  37. X-displacement Sensory neuropathy: loss of proprioception • Patients Vision of:

  38. Tendon Vibration: Pinocchio Illusion(Lackner 1988)

  39. Rubber hand Illusion • See papers by • M. Botvinick and J. Cohen (1998) • Ehrsson et al. (2004) Figure 3.49

  40. Vestibular system: head and body position and movement • semi-circular canals • otolith organs • balance

  41. Vestibular and visual systems: feedback control and balance • Task: Maintain balance on a moving support surface - 12 cm • Kinematics: video cameras • Platform speed (Hz): • Feedback conditions

  42. forward backward Eyes open: Frequency 0.1 Hz anterior 10 A/P Disp (cm) 0 posterior 10 secs -10 time trunk platform forward backward 10 A/P Disp. (cm) 0 -10 Vestibular loss: postural responses • Buchanan and Horak (1999); Buchanan and Horak (2002)

  43. anterior 10 secs 2 secs posterior trunk platform Platform speed: postural responses • Postural behavior

  44. Questions: • 1) How did the loss of vestibular information influence balance and posture? • 2) How did platform velocity affect balance and posture? • 3) What did visual information contribute to balance control?

  45. Vision and motor control • Central vision • Peripheral vision • Visual field

  46. Visual Fields: aligning vision (in) and motor (out)

  47. Vision and motor control • Vision-for-action (dorsal stream) • Vision-for-perception (ventral stream) • Two distinct neural pathways

  48. Vision and motor control • Reaching and grasping • Describe a cup • Reach for a cup

  49. Vision and motor control • Optical field • Optical flow

  50. Contact with objects:stationary and non-stationary • Estimate contact • Braking a car • Time to contact with an object (tau) STOP

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