How to make caramel lollipops!

1. How to make caramel lollipops! http://candy.about.com/od/hardcandyrecipes/r/Salted-Caramel-Lollipops.htm

2. ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS & MIXTURES Today is, Tuesday, Oct. 8th • OBJ 1: Describe pure substances. • OBJ 2: Describe the characteristics of elements, and give examples. • OBJ 3: Explain how elements can be identified. • OBJ 4: Classify elements according to their properties • Warm-up: What do gold, iron, and aluminum have in common? What do oxygen, neon, and sulfur have in common? • Homework: read pages 54- 57. Take good notes.

3. To Do: 1. Intro to elements *Song (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uy0m7jnyv6U) 2. Notes 3. Element project

4. Elements • What is an element? • An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means. • An element has only 1 type of particle that is it is a pure substance. It has a unique set of properties that allows you to ID it! • These properties do NOT depend on amount OR location of discovery

5. Unique Set Of Properties • For example, boiling point, melting point, density • Reactivity with acid... • Page 55. Read out loud. • Unique properties = physical and chemical properties

6. Identifying Elements By Their Properties Physical Properties • Can be observed or measured without changing its identity. • Odor • Volume • Color • thermal / electric conductivity • State • Malleability • Ductility • Solubility • Density • Boiling point, melting point, freezing point

7. Identifying Elements By Their Properties Chemical Properties • Describe the ability to change into a new substance with different properties • Reactivity with oxygen • Reactivity with acid • Reactivity with water

8. Grouped into Categories • According to shared properties • (i.e. Al, Au, Ag, Mg, Fe are all metals) • If you know the category, you know the properties • Categories: • Metals • Nonmetals • Metalloids

9. Metals • Shiny • Good conductors • Malleable (can be hammered into thin sheets) • Ductile ( drawn into thin wires)

10. Metals

11. Nonmetals • Dull • Poor conductors of thermal energy and electric current • Solid nonmetals tend to be brittle & unmalleable • Few objects are made of ONLY nonmetals

12. Nonmetals

13. Metalloids • Semiconductors • Have properties of BOTH metals and nonmetals • Can be: shiny OR dull • Somewhat malleable & ductile • Can be: conducts of thermal energy & electric current

14. Metalloids

15. Conclusion • IF TIME Element project

16. ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS & MIXTURES Today is, Wednesday, Oct. 9th • OBJ 1-4: See previous day’s notes. • OBJ 5: Describe how elements are arranged in the periodic table. • Warm-up: Name several physical properties used to determine the difference between different elements. • Homework: Complete Section Review on page 57. Element project due 10/24 *SF Annotated Bibliography due 10/16

17. To Do… • Science Fair: Annotated Bibliography • The Periodic Table- see page 158 • Listen to this: • “Meet the Elements” • “The Element Song” • Memorizing the elements • Elements project

18. Periodic Table

19. The Periodic Table: Discovering a Pattern • 1860’s Dmitri Mendeleev discovered patterns among properties of elements • Properties were periodic (repeating) • Elements arranged in order of increasing… • Atomic mass • Similar chemical properties • Similar physical properties • Properties observed in every 8th element

20. The Elements • “Meet the Elements” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uy0m7jnyv6U • Complete the following • “The Element Song” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGM-wSKFBpo&NR=1&feature=endscreen • Memorizing the elements

21. Element Baby Book • See the following handout • Projects due Thursday, October 24th • Questions?! Conclusion

22. ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS & MIXTURES Today is, Thursday, Oct. 10th • OBJ 1-5: See previous day’s notes. • OBJ 6: Describe the properties of compounds. • OBJ 7: Identify the differences between an element and a compound. • Warm-up: “The Element Song”- the original. • Homework: Read and take notes on pages 58-61. Element project due 10/24 *SF Annotated Bibliography due 10/16

23. To Do… • Warm-up: Your turn • What is a compound? • Definite ratio • Unique set of properties • Broken into simpler substances • In our world

24. The Original • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcS3NOQnsQM&NR=1

25. Compounds vs. Element • What is a compound? How are compounds and elements different? • Substance composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined. • Elements must react . . . aka go under a chemical change • Pure substance which cannot be separated into simpler substances Compounds Elements

26. Familiar Compounds: Which can you identify? A. C. B. F. D. E.

27. Table salt: Sodium and Chlorine(NaCl) • Chlorine: Cl2 • Carbon Dioxide: Carbon and Oxygen • Sugar: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (C6H12O6) • Baking Soda: Sodium, Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen (NaHCO3) • Water: Hydrogen and Oxygen(H20)

28. Definite Ratio • Elements combine in a definite ratio to form a compound • Water= 1 gram of H for every 8 gram of O • (if the ratio is different, it is NOT H2O)

29. Unique Set of Properties • Compounds have their own physical properties: • Boiling point, melting point, density, color • Chemical properties: • React with acids, water, oxygen *HOWEVER a compound has different properties from the elements that form it!

30. Example Sodium (reacts violently with water) + Chlorine (which is poisonous) Table Salt (which is really good on popcorn!)

31. Compound Breakdown • Only by means of a CHEMICAL REACTION • Example: can’t filter hydrogen from oxygen (this is a physical change) • Ways to break down compound: • Heating • Electrolysis – sending electric current through substances • Example: Carbonic Acid

32. Jet Smart You received this letter from a top-secret airplane manufacturer: Agent X, We were impressed by your work on our flying saucer project. Your help is now needed in the design of our newest stealth airplane, the FX-2000. We need your help with one simple but important matter- selecting the best metal for the plane’s engines. Our team has narrowed the choices down to two metals: titanium & platinum. Your mission is to gather facts about titanium and platinum, compare their properties, and recommend the better material. Report your answer within 20 minutes.

33. Titanium: • A Metal • Density: 4.51 g/cm3 • Resists Corrosion • Melting Point: 1,675ºC • As Strong as steel • Platinum: • A precious metal • Density= 21.4 g/cm3 • Resists Corrosion • Melting Point: 1,772 ºC • Weaker than Steel In complete sentences. . . 1. How are platinum and titanium similar? 2. How are they different? 3. Think about the extreme conditions within the engine of a jet. What properties would a metal in this engine need to have? 4. Which material would you recommend. Explain your answer. 5. Assume that the raw materials will be mined and sent directly to the manufacture plant without being purified. Predict the possible consequences to the FX-2000’s performance. Explain your answer. OPTIONAL

34. C-4 is not just 4 Carbons OPTIONAL • C4 or Composition 4 is made up of plastic explosives or plastic bonded explosives (RBX) and is combined with explosive chemicals with a plastic binder material. • C4 is manufactured by combining the noted ingredients: cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine (C3H6N6O6), with binder dissolved in a solvent. The solvent is evaporated and the mixture dried and filtered. The final material is an off-white solid with a feel similar to modeling clay. It has a faint bituminous odor and an astringent taste. • C4 is not easily set off. It must be remotely detonated. • Explosion has 2 phases: initial expansion creates a low-pressure area around the explosion's origin -- the gases move outward so rapidly that they suck most of the gas out from the "middle" of the explosion. Secondary phase: gases rush back in to the partial vacuum, creating a second, less-destructive inward energy wave.

35. Conclusion • Share your group’s conclusion about Jet Smart

36. ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS & MIXTURES Today is, Friday, Oct. 11th • OBJ 1-5: See previous day’s notes. • OBJ 6: Describe the properties of compounds. • OBJ 7: Identify the differences between an element and a compound. • Warm-up: What is the difference between an element and a compound? Name 2 common compounds other than salt. • Homework: Review notes; Element project due 10/24 *SF Annotated Bibliography due 10/16

37. To Do… • Finish yesterday’s notes. • Turn in last night’s HW?! • Jet Smart activity • C4 • Conclusion: see slide # 35

38. ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS & MIXTURES Today is, Monday, Oct. 14th • OBJ 1-7: See previous day’s notes. • Warm-up: See next slide- Jet Smart • Homework: Review notes; Element project due 10/24 *SF Annotated Bibliography due 10/16

39. To Do… • Finish Jet Smart activity • C4 • Practice “Element Song” • Conclusion: see slide # 35

40. ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS & MIXTURES Today is, Tuesday, Oct. 15th • OBJ 8: Describe the properties of mixtures. • OBJ 9: Describe methods of separating the components of a mixture. • OBJ 10: Analyze a solution in terms of its solute, solvent and concentration. • OBJ 11: Compare the properties of solutions, suspensions and colloids. • Warm-up: See next slide. • Homework: Read pages 62 to the top of 64.Element project due 10/24 *SF Annotated Bibliography due 10/16

41. The Periodic Table: Classes of Elements ELEMENTS ARE DIVIDED INTO 3 CATEGORIES METALS NONMETALS METALLOIDS TAKE DOWN AT LEAST 3 FACTS FOR EACH CATEGORY- See pages 57, 108 & 109

42. To Do… • Mixtures • Solutions

43. Mystery Mixture • p. 53

44. Mixture • A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. • Substances in the mixture retain their identity • Do not have definite ratios • Mixtures can be physically separated • How can you separate? • Distillation • A Magnet • Centrifuge • Filter

45. Solution • A mixture that appears to be a single substance but is composed of particles of 2 or more substances that are distributed evenly amongst each other • Another name: homogeneous mixture (because have same appearance throughout) • Dissolving: the process in which particles of substances separate and spread out evenly throughout a mixture

46. Solutions… • Solute: substance that IS dissolved • Solvent: the substance in which the solute is dissolved (if both are liquids, the liquid with the greater volume is considered the solvent) • If soluble- can dissolve in the solvent. • Insoluble: unable to dissolve, does not form a homogeneous mixture (solution)

47. Solutions… • Salt water (salt in water)- mixture and a solution • Tap water • Gatorade • Gasoline • Brass (Zn in Cu) = an ALLOY = a solid solution) • Steel (an alloy) • Soda: (Carbon dioxide in water)

48. Solutions. . . • Particles are extremely small • Can’t be filtered out

49. EXIT TICKET • How are compounds and elements alike? How do they differ? • What are 2 ways to break down a compound? • How do the properties of sodium chloride (NaCl) compare with the properties of sodium and chlorine?

50. ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS & MIXTURES Today is, Wednesday, Oct. 16th • OBJ 1-11: See previous day’s notes. • Warm-up: none. • Homework: Read pages 64-69. Write down “terms to learn.” Element project due 10/24 *SF Bibliography and Hypothesis due on 10/23