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Residential Mortgage Loans

Residential Mortgage Loans. Chapter 10. Mortgage Market. loan secured by collateral of specified real estate property which obliges borrower to make predetermined series of payments lender has right of foreclosure if borrower defaults

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Residential Mortgage Loans

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  1. Residential Mortgage Loans Chapter 10

  2. Mortgage Market • loan secured by collateral of specified real estate property which obliges borrower to make predetermined series of payments • lender has right of foreclosure if borrower defaults • conventional mortgage – lender makes loan based on credit of borrower and on collateral for mortgage • mortgage insurance • FHA • VA • FmHA • private

  3. Mortgage Market • participants • mortgage originators – original lender • thrifts • mortgage bankers • commercial banks • sources of profit to originators • origination fee – specified in points (1% of borrowed) • secondary marketing profit – selling loan for more than original cost • mortgage servicers • mortgage insurers

  4. Mortgage Market • origination • PTI (payment-to-income) ratio • monthly payments to monthly income – lower ratio, greater likelihood applicant can meet payments • LTV (loan-to-value) ratio • ratio of amount of loan to market value of property – the lower the ratio, the more protection the lender has if default • originators can • hold mortgage in their portfolio • sell mortgage to investor who wants to put in with pool of mortgages • use mortgage themselves as collateral for issuance of security (securitization) • conduit – when federally sponsored or private agency buy mortgages, pool, and sell to investors • conforming mortgage vs. nonconforming mortgage

  5. Mortgage Market • sources of revenue from mortgage servicing: • servicing fee • interest earned by servicer from escrow balance • float earned on monthly mortgage payment • ancillary income • late fees • commissions from cross-selling • fees from selling mailing lists • portfolio of borrowers is potential source for other loans

  6. Mortgage Market • types of mortgage-related insurance • PMI • credit life • not required by lender • provides for continuation of payments after death of insured person

  7. Mortgage Loans • Level-Payment Fixed-Rate Mortgage • borrower pays interest and repays principal in equal installments over agreed-upon period of time – fully amortized over period • example – 30 year $100,000 loan with 8.125% rate • monthly interest rate is 0.0067708 • interest for month 1 is $677.08 and monthly payment is $742.50 - $65.41 to reduce principal

  8. where MP = monthly mortgage payment n = # of months MB0 = original balance t = simple monthly note rate Monthly Mortgage Payment

  9. ARMs • mortgage where contract rate is reset periodically in accordance with reference rate • reference rate categories • market-determined rates (Treasury based) • calculated rates based on cost of funds for thrifts • (based on monthly weighted average interest costs for thrifts)

  10. ARMs • teaser rate usually offered • periodic rate caps • lifetime rate caps and floors • hybrid ARM • rate fixed for period and then floats after • 3/1 ARM means fixed for 3 years and then resets annually • interest-only hybrid ARM • reduce initial monthly payments – pmts first consist of only interest on loan with amortization of principal to start later • balloon mortgage • borrower given long-term financing but at set dates, contract rate is renegotiated • Prepayment Penalty Mortgage • lockout period during which prepayments are not permitted • Reverse Mortgage • for seniors who want to convert home equity into cash

  11. Nonconforming Mortgages • loan that does not satisfy one or more of underwriting standards of Fannie, Freddie, and Ginnie (amt of loan, credit worthiness, documentation of loan, purpose of loan) • conventional nonconforming loan does not have any credit guarantee • Jumbo loan – loan larger than conforming limit • subprime – borrowers whose credit has been impaired • Alt-a loan – loans to borrowers who have high credit scores but have variable incomes, are unable or unwilling to document stable income history, or are buying second homes or investment properties • so reduced or alternate forms of documentation are used to qualify loans • borrowers typically have excellent credit ratings • High LTV loans – borrower with good credit quality has option of making a lesser or no down payment

  12. Risks Associated with Investing in Mortgages • credit risk • liquidity risk • interest rate risk • prepayment risk

  13. Credit Risk • risk that borrower will default • single mortgage credit risk is not as important if investing in pool of mortgages • 10 of pool of 1,000 will default but which ones?? • prime loan – 30 year FRM with 75% to 80% LTV ratio that is fully documented for the purchase of an owner-occupied single family detached home

  14. Credit Risk • factors associated with lower default rates • LTV ratio – single most important determinant • current LTV vs. original LTV • mortgage term – credit risk is greater the longer the mortgage term (so 15 year < risk than 30 year) • mortgage type – FRMs considered prime because everyone knows payment and amortization schedule • transaction type – loans for purchases safer than those for cash-out refinancings • documentation – income, employment, and asset verification • occupancy status – less risk if borrower lives in home • property type – single family detached homes least risky • mortgage size/house price • credit worthiness of borrower

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