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آشنايي با تکنولوژيهاي کاربردي در مخابرات ديجيتال

آشنايي با تکنولوژيهاي کاربردي در مخابرات ديجيتال. محمد جواد اميدي استانداري اصفهان – 26 ارديبهشت 87. Outline. Digital Communication Media Digital Communication Networks Digital Communication Applications Indoor Home/Office Communications Access Telecommunications Broadcast

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آشنايي با تکنولوژيهاي کاربردي در مخابرات ديجيتال

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  1. آشنايي با تکنولوژيهاي کاربردي در مخابرات ديجيتال محمد جواد اميدي استانداري اصفهان – 26 ارديبهشت 87

  2. Outline • Digital Communication Media • Digital Communication Networks • Digital Communication Applications • Indoor Home/Office Communications • Access • Telecommunications • Broadcast • Backbone Communications999 2

  3. Digital Communication Media • Wireless channel • Wire line (Twisted pair, Cable, Power line, …) • Fiber

  4. Wireless Radio/TV/Wireless Allocations: 30 MHz-30 GHz

  5. Wireless Open Spectrum: ISM and UNII Bands ISM: Industrial, Scientific & Medical Band UNII UNII: Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure band ISM ISM 2 3 4 5 GHz 1

  6. Twisted Pair • Oldest, least expensive, most widely used • Telephones connected to telcos by twisted pair (subscriber loops) • Can transmit both analog and digital signals: • For analog: amplifiers needed every 5 to 6 km • For digital: repeaters required every 2 to 3 km • Limited distance, bandwidth compared to others • Category 3: 3 or 4 twists per foot, (data rates: 16 Mbps) • Category 5: 3 to 4 twists per inch (data rates: 100 Mbps) 6

  7. Coaxial Cable • Can be used over longer distances and supports more stations on a shared line than twisted pair. • Bandwidth possible depends on cable length. For 1 km cables 1-2 Gbps feasible. • Widespread use: television distribution, long distance telephone transmission, short-run computer system, local area networks 7

  8. Fiber Optics • Above a critical angle of incidence, light is refracted back into silica (hence trapped inside fiber) and can travel for many kilometers • Lower attenuation • Fibers thinner and lighter weight (considerably) • Data Rates: 1 Gbs, 100 Gbps, 1 Tbps 8

  9. Digital Communication Networks • Wide Area Network (WAN) • Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) • Local Area Network (LAN) • Personal Area Network (PAN) • Body Area Network (BAN)

  10. Digital Communication Networks BAN1m WAN 2G, 3G 2km/link national areas MAN 802.16 2-6km LAN 802.11 100m PAN 802.15.x 10m

  11. Digital Communication Applications • Applications • web • email • calendar • games • audio • video • voice • home automation • home security • Video Streaming (500 kbps – 5 Mbps) • Telemetry (up to 300 kbps) • Web Surfing/E-mail (up to 200 kbps) • Streaming (up to 200 kbps) • Fast games (up to 128 kbps) • Voice (up to 128 kbps) • Meter reading (bps) • Toggling a light switch (bps)

  12. Digital Communication Applications • Indoor Home/Office Communications • Wilreless LAN (WiFi, HiperLAN), Wireless PAN (UWB), HomePNA, HomePlug, Ethernet, Fire Wire, USB, X10, … • Access • Dial up modem, ADSL, Cable modem, Broadband Power line, Wimax, FTTH, Satellite, …. • Telecommunications • 1G Mobile phone (Analog AMPS) • 2G Mobile phone ( IS -95, IS-136, GSM) • 3G Mobile phone ( CDMA2000, UMTS, WCDMA, …) • Broadcast • DVB-T, DVB-H, DVB-S, …. • DAB • Backbone Communications • Fiber Optics Telecom backbone • High speed point to point communications (wireless, HDSL, Leased line, …)

  13. Indoor Digital Communications • Wireless • WiFi: WLAN based on 802.11 standard • HiperLAN: European standard similar to WiFi • Bluetooth: Short-range communications technology for 1-3 Mbps • UWB: Creates WPAN based on 802.15 standard • ZigBee: Low power Home automation PAN nwetwork • Twisted pair line • Ethernet: 10Base-T, 100Base-T, 1000Base-T, 10G and 100G ethernet • USB: Universal Serial Bus can send 12-480 Mbps serially • Fire Wire: Based on IEEE 1394 allows 400-1600 Mbps serially • HomePNA: For networking over phone line (This is NOT DSL !) • Power line • HomePlug: Standard for communicating up to 200 Mbps over powerline • X10: An old method for sending 50-60 bits per second

  14. Access Communication Methods • Wireless • WiMax: WLAN for outdoor networking based on 802.16 standard • Satellite: Provides one or two way internet access (300-500 Kbps) • Twisted pair • Dial up modem: Oldest access technology with 56 Kbps • ADSL: A revolutionary method to use phone line for up to 24 Mbps • Power line • Broadband Powerline: Standard • Cable • DOCSIS: Sending up to 55 Mbps per TV channel over coax cable • Fiber • FTTH: Fiber To The Home offers speed of 10 Gbps and higher

  15. analog X.10 Applications/Indoor/ Home Network DHCP, DNS, NAT, Firewall, etc. configured by service provider Phone line Access Network + service provider +Internet 10B-T 1394 Power line

  16. Wi-Fi Wireless LAN Applications/Indoor/Wireless/WiFi • WiFi is a wireless LAN system based on IEEE 802.11 standard.

  17. Wi-Fi Wireless LAN Applications/Indoor/Wireless/WiFi • WiFi uses OFDM Modulation, where channel is devided into many subchannels. • Each subchannel can carry up to 6 bits. • All the nodes use a shared media using CSMA/CA method. • There are 12 frequency bands for communication. Sub -carriers

  18. HiperLAN Applications/Indoor/Wireless/HiperLAN • HiperLAN is the European alternative for WiFi. • The Modulation is NOT OFDM. (QPSK is used) • range 50 m • slow mobility (1.4 m/s) • sound 32 kbit/s, 10 ns latency • video 2 Mbit/s, 100 ns latency • data 10 Mbit/s • Multiple access is not CSMA/CA. (Dynamic TDMA is used)

  19. Applications/Indoor/Wireless/Bluetooth Harald Bluetooth ancient King of Denmark • Can link up to 8 devices in 10-m area

  20. Applications/Indoor/Wireless/Bluetooth Bluetooth • Data Rate • Maximum Permited Power

  21. Applications/Indoor/Wireless/Bluetooth Bluetooth • Cable replacement RF technology (low cost) • Short range {10m (1mW), 100m (100 mW)} • Lower power than WiFi • 2.4 GHz band (crowded) • Frequency-hopping for multiple access with a carrier spacing of 1 MHz for 8 devices per pico-net at 1600 hops/s. • 80 carriers => 80MHz. • Collisions when multiple piconets nearby. • Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and consumer electronics companies. • Hands free phone (ear set) for cars, internet chat/VoIP • Intra-car networking announced by some car manufacturers in Europe.

  22. 1 1 0 Impulse Modulation Ultrawideband Communication frequency time 3 10 GHz (FCC Min=500Mhz) Applications/Indoor/Wireless/UWB Ultrawideband Radio (UWB) • UWB is an impulse radio: sends pulses of tens of picoseconds(10-12) to nanoseconds (10-9) • Duty cycle of only a fraction of a percent; carrier is not necessarily needed • Uses a lot of bandwidth (GHz); Low probability of detection Communication occupies more than 500 MHz of spectrum: baseband or 3.6-10.1 GHz range. (7 GHz!). Strict power limits.

  23. Bluetooth, 802.11b Cordless Phones Microwave Ovens 802.11a Emitted Signal Power PCS “Part 15 Limit” -41 dBm/Mhz UWB Spectrum GPS 1.6 1.9 2.4 3.1 5 10.6 Frequency (Ghz) UWB Spectrum Applications/Indoor/Wireless/UWB • UWB is based on IEEE 802.15 standard • Short range suitable for PAN • More than 1.3 giga pulses per second and 675 Mbps

  24. Applications/Indoor/Wireless/ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Radios • Low-Rate WPAN, Very low power consumption (no recharge for months or years!), up to 255 devices • Home automation, consumer electronics applications, RFID/tagging applications (supply-chain) • Data rates of 20, 40, 250 kbps • Frequency of operation in ISM bands

  25. Applications/Indoor/Wireless/ZigBee Comparison of indoor Wireless methods

  26. Comparison of indoor Wireless methods Data rate 100 Mbit/sec UWB 802.11g 802.11a 802.11b 10 Mbit/sec 1 Mbit/sec 3G Bluetooth 100 kbits/sec ZigBee ZigBee 10 kbits/sec UWB 0 GHz 1GHz 2 GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 5 GHz 6 GHz

  27. Comparison of indoor Wireless methods Range 10 km 3G 1 km 100 m 802.11b,g 802.11a Bluetooth 10 m ZigBee ZigBee UWB UWB 1 m 0 GHz 1GHz 2 GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 5 GHz 6 GHz

  28. Cellular Wi-Fi UWB WiMAX Wi-Fi Cellular Applications/Indoor/Wireless/ Evolution to Multi-Radio Today Future Multi radio One radio

  29. Applications/Indoor/Twisted Pair/Ethernet Ethernet • It is based on IEEE 802.3 standard • 10 Mbit/s Ethernet • Fast Ethernet (100 Mbit/s) (CAT3 – CAT5 – Fiber) • Gigabit Ethernet (CAT 5 – Fiber) • 10G Ethernet (Fiber)

  30. Applications/Indoor/Twisted Pair/USB Universal Serial Bus (USB) USB 1.1: Released in September 1998.Specified data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low-Speed) and 12 Mbit/s (Full-Speed). USB 2.0: Released in April 2000.Added higher maximum speed of 480 Mbit/s (now called Hi-Speed). USB 3.0 (Future version):On September 18, 2007, Intel demonstrated USB3.0. USB 3.0 is targeted at ten times the current bandwidth, reaching roughly 4.8 Gbit/s. The USB 3.0 specification is planned to be released in the first half of 2008, commercial products are expected to arrive in 2009 or 2010.

  31. Applications/Indoor/Twisted Pair/Fire Wire Fire Wire • It is based on IEEE 1394 standard. • Year created: 1995 • Number of devices: 63 • Capacity 400 Mbit/s - 1600 Mbit/s • Style:Serial • Hotplugging? Yes • External? Yes • FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394-1995) (6 pin connector) • FireWire 800 (IEEE 1394b-2002) (9 pin connector) • FireWire S800T (IEEE 1394c-2006) (CAT 5e Cable)

  32. Applications/Indoor/Twisted Pair/HomePNA HomePNA Use existing home telephone wires to send information between computers. The newest products offer data rates up to 320Mbps providing enough capacity to carry many High Definition TV. A maximum of 64 devices can be connected. The devices can be up to a thousand feet (300 m) apart on phonewires and multiple thousands of feet apart over coax, more than sufficient for homes. Usually more expensive than Ethernet, but less expensive than wireless.

  33. Applications/Indoor/Power Line/HomePlug Power Line Communications

  34. Applications/Indoor/Power Line/HomePlug HomePlug Standard for Powerline communication • HomePlug 1.0 — Released June 2001 — Specification for connecting devices via power lines in the home. Theoretical speed of 14 Mbit/s. • HomePlug 1.0 Turbo — Faster, unofficial specification for connecting devices via power lines in the home. Theoretical speed of 85 Mbit/s. • HomePlug AV — Released December 2005 — Designed for transmitting HDTV and VoIP around the home. Theoretical PHY datarate of up to 189 Mbit/s. • HomePlug Access BPL (BPL) — under development • HomePlug Command & Control (HPCC) — Released October 9, 2007 — It's a low-speed, very low-cost technology intended to complement the alliance's higher-speed powerline communications technologies. The specification enable advanced, whole-house control of lighting, appliances, climate control, security and other devices.

  35. Applications/Indoor/Power Line/X10 X10 • It is an old powerline communication method (over 20 Years) • Used for home automation • 50 - 60 bits per second. • There are many applications see www.x10.com

  36. Applications/Access/Wireless/WiMax Wimax Wireless LAN

  37. Applications/Access/Wireless/WiMax Comparison of Mobile internet access methods

  38. WCDMA 802.16e WCDMA WCDMA 802.16e Applications/Access/Wireless/WiMax WiMAX: markets Metro Gov’t WiFi Hotzone 802.16-2004 WiFi WiFi WiFi Urban DSL/T1 Replacement WiFi WiFi 802.16-2004 WiFi 802.16-2004 WiFi Rural Rural Rural Broadband Rural Cellular Operator Data Overlay

  39. Applications/Access/Wireless/Satellite Satellite Data Distribution

  40. Applications/Access/Wireless/Satellite Satellite • A technology that provide digital data transmission over satellites • Speed • Downlink • 500Kbps - 1Mbps • Uplink • 50Kbps - 100Kbps • Need a satellite dish

  41. Applications/Access/Twisted Pair/Dial up Modem • Modulator/demodulator • A device that converts analog signal to digital (modulation) and vice versa (demodulation) • Speed • 1200/2400/9600 bps • 14.4/28.8/33.6 Kbps • 56 Kbps

  42. Applications/Access/Twisted Pair/ADSL ADSL • xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line) • A technology that provides digital data transmission over unused frequencies on traditional telephone lines • For example, ADSL (Asymmetric DSL): DL > UL • Need a DSL modem • Splitters are needed to separate the voice and data signal

  43. Applications/Access/Twisted Pair/ADSL ADSL Standards

  44. Applications/Access/Power Line/BPL Broadband Powerline for Access

  45. Applications/Access/Power Line/BPL

  46. Applications/Access/Cable/DOCSIS Cable Modem • A technology that provides digital data transmission over cable TV infrastructure

  47. Applications/Access/Fiber/FTTH Fiber To The Home (FTTH)

  48. 1924: First Mobile Radio Telephone (Bell Labs) Thank You ! Any Questions?

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