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Revolt and Reform

Revolt and Reform. Waves 1 & 2: 1820-1832. Failed!. Revolutions: Spain Wave 1: 1820-1823. Revolt against Bourbon King Ferdinand VII 1812 promises to uphold liberal concessions: liberal constitution, Cortes (leg. body)

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Revolt and Reform

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  1. Revolt and Reform Waves 1 & 2: 1820-1832

  2. Failed! Revolutions: SpainWave 1: 1820-1823 • Revolt against Bourbon King Ferdinand VII • 1812 promises to uphold liberal concessions: liberal constitution, Cortes (leg. body) • 1814 tears up constitution, dissolved Cortes – officers, merchants, intellectuals revolt • 1820 King restores constitution • 1823 Principle of Intervention comes to Ferdinand’s aid (French army invades = Ferdinand restored)

  3. Failed! Revolutions: Italy Wave 1: 1820-1829 • 9 Italian states created by Congress of Vienna (but no Italian Confederation) • under the control of Austria • Carbonari under the leadership of Gen. Pepe force King Ferdinand I (King of Two Sicilies) to sign constitution • but...at Congress of Laibach Ferdinand agrees to let Austrian troops “restore order”

  4. Success! Revolutions: Greece1821-1827 • National Liberation in Greece • Greek nationalists 1st led by Ypsilanti • 1821-1832 vs. Ottoman Empire – support from Russia (wants Turk land) England, France vs. Turks! • Success! 1829 Treaty of Adrianople • Greece = Independent Delacroix Massacre at Chios

  5. Success! Revolutions: Serbia, 1830 • Serbia struggle for independence from Ottoman Empire • 1804-1813: Kara George employs guerilla tactics = fails BUT inspires nationalism; other nations get interested in their cause • 1815-16 Milos Obrenovitch = greater autonomous authority • 1830 = Ottomans grant independence; gain international recognition • 1833 - extends borders • 1878 – begin to agitate the Austrians as they press for more territory

  6. The Americas • Latin America revolting vs. Spain • Argentina, 1810 • Simon Bolivar – Colombia, 1819; Venezuela, 1820 • Jose de San Martin – Chile, 1817; Peru, 1821 • Mexico & Central American provinces, 1825 • Monroe Doctrine (1823) vs. new colonization • Counter Metternich: revolutions ok, if recognized by US! Great Britain agrees • Attempt to exclude Spain and Portugal from Latin American trade market – GB now in control

  7. Revolutions: RussiaWave 1: 1820-1829 • Decembrist Revolt 1825 – • death of Alexander (1801-1825) – Nicholas crowned tsar • Northern Union (aka Decembrists) est. after fall of Napoleon • Decembrists revolt?? – who really led the uprising? • Nicholas’ troops crush Decembrists • Nicholas reacts CONSERVATIVELY: • Official Nationality program • Third Section, wide spread deportation, surveillance and spying

  8. Reform and Revolution: Wave 2Poland, 1830-31 • Suppressed by Russia – Nicholas I (1825-1855) • 1830 uprising in Warsaw – drives Russian garrison out • Declare independence • Nicholas I invades – “a land of graves and crosses”; oppressive Russian military dictatorship • Organic Statute 1832: integral part of Russia

  9. Reform and Revolution: Wave 2The July Revolution of 1830 / July Monarchy • Charles X, Bourbon king vs. Constitutional Charter • By March 1830 – growing opposition vs. King and increased aristocratic privilege… • Charles X dissolves legislature BUT… • 1830 elections, liberals win – Charles issues July (Four) Ordinances: dissolves Chamber again, crackdown on press, etc. • Bourgeois furious – but workers, students, intelligentsia lead July Revolution – 3 days barricade vs. army • Charles abdicates – and flees to England

  10. Failed Reform and Revolution: Wave 2The July Revolution of 1830 / July Monarchy • Lafayette solves dilemma: elect Duke of Orleans • Louis Philippe – Cousin of Charles X but of republican army – so accepted as Bourgeois Monarch • Pledged to uphold Constitutional Charter of 1814 • Did little more than protect rich upper middle class • “King of the French” – Tri-color flag – Just who is this man? • meanwhile...in the Chamber of Deputies • Party of Movement = ministerial responsibility, limited expansion of franchise, & active foreign policy • Party of Resistance = currently have “perfect form” of gov’t.; dominant voice in Chamber, supported Louis-Philippe & upper-middle class and Failure!

  11. Reform and Revolution: Wave 2Belgium • Belgium 1830 – merged with Holland 1815 • Students, workers revolt – defeat Dutch army under King William I of Holland • Propertied classes form a provisional national gov’t. • 1831 Liberal Constitution written • Wins independence from Holland – How come the Congress System didn’t tried to stop this uprising?? • 1831 Leopold of Saxe-Coburg= king of Belgium • Convention of 1839 = Belgian neutrality

  12. Wave 2:Successful Reform in Britain • British notice the July Revolution! – threats work! • 1820s Tories more liberal: Robert Peel • Pro free trade – pro secular state (vs. Church) • 1673 Test Act repealed – Catholics Emancipated!!! • (NOT IN IRELAND!!!) • Representation Problem • Can’t reform House of Commons • Rotten Boroughs: empty with industrialization… • 500 men (mainly House of Lords) elected House of Commons!

  13. Successful Reform in Britain • 1830 George IV dies --- William IX --- Whigs under Earl Grey push hard for reform • Fear of revolution – the bill for reform passes BUT with some “encouragement” from the king (pg. 642) • Reform Bill, 1832 (“English”) • Increased numbers of voters significantly • House of Commons emerged as major legislative body • Industrial areas gained representation • “Rotten boroughs” eliminated

  14. Where do we want to add France and Great Britain? • How would these two countries impact our perception as to how successful these early revolutions were? • Why do we even take the time to learn about these revolutions?

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