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Third Edition Understanding Terrorism Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

Third Edition Understanding Terrorism Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. Chapter 6. Violence in the Name of the Faith Religious Terrorism. Primary and Secondary Motives. Understanding Jihad as a Primary Motive Greater Jihad: Struggling with oneself to do what is right.

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Third Edition Understanding Terrorism Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

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  1. Third EditionUnderstanding TerrorismChallenges, Perspectives, and Issues

  2. Chapter 6 Violence in the Name of the Faith Religious Terrorism

  3. Primary and Secondary Motives • Understanding Jihad as a Primary Motive • Greater Jihad: Struggling with oneself to do what is right. • Lesser Jihad: The outward defense of Islam. • The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion as a Secondary Motive • Forgery written by Czarist secret police around 1895. • Used repeatedly to scapegoat Jews.

  4. Historical Cases • Judeo-Christian Antiquity • Bible references to violence in the name of the faith. • Includes conquest and annihilation of enemies. • Christian Crusades • A series of Western Christian military campaigns. • Marked by many atrocities against non-Christians.

  5. Historical Cases(continued) • The Assassins • Founded in 11th-century Persia to purify the faith. • Adept at disguise, stealth, and surprise killings. • A Secret Cult of Murder • Thuggee cult in 13th to 19th century India. • Ritually strangled and mutilated travelers.

  6. Historical Cases(continued) • Modern Arab Islamist Extremism • A progression from secular phases of Arab nationalism. • Movement has transcended most ethnic and cultural differences. • Case: Mysticism and Rebellion in Uganda • Alice Lakwena’s Holy Spirit Mobile Force. • Josef Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army.

  7. Comparing Religious and Secular Terrorism

  8. State-Sponsored Religious Terrorism • National Case: Iran • Revolutionary Guards Corps’ Qods (Jerusalem) Force. • Cases: Support for Lebanon’s Hezbollah and Palestinian Islamists. • Regional Case: Pakistan and India • Hindu-Muslim conflict. • Pakistan’s Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). • Cases: War in Jammu and Kashmir and Golden Temple massacre.

  9. Dissident Religious Terrorism • Religious Zealotry in the Middle East • Convergence of claims by Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. • Case: Competing claims to Jerusalem and sacred sites. • The International Mujahideen • Islamist “holy warriors” sworn to defend the faith. • Case: The Afghan Arabs.

  10. Dissident Religious Terrorism(continued) • Al Qaeda’s Religious Foundation • A movement and loose network. • Inspired by Osama bin Laden’s worldview. • Belief that Islamist armed resistance is required. • The Algerian Jihadis • Civil war in Algeria during 1990s. • Violent Islamist uprising.

  11. Dissident Religious Terrorism(continued) • Cult Case: AumShinrikyo • Japan-based cult founded in 1987 by Shoko Asahara. • At peak, 9,000 members inn Japan and 40,000 worldwide. • March, 1995 Tokyo subway sarin nerve gas attack. • 5,000 to 6,000 people were injured.

  12. Religious Terrorism

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