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HAEMOFLAGELLATES

HAEMOFLAGELLATES. Dr.Rita Swaminathan Mr.Narayana Kamath. HAEMOFLAGELLATES. Protozoans living in blood &tissue of human Belong to Subphylum Mastigophora Two hosts are needed for completion of life cycle Leishmania & Trypanosoma are important human pathogens.

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HAEMOFLAGELLATES

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  1. HAEMOFLAGELLATES Dr.Rita SwaminathanMr.Narayana Kamath

  2. HAEMOFLAGELLATES • Protozoans living in blood &tissue of human • Belong to Subphylum Mastigophora • Two hosts are needed for completion of life cycle • Leishmania & Trypanosoma are important human pathogens

  3. Morphological characteristics of Haemoflagellates • Haemoflagellates have a single nucleus • A special structure –Kinetoplast (parabasal body &bleperoplast) • Parabasl body contains mitochondrial DNA • Bleperoplast give rise to flagellum

  4. Morphological forms-Haemoflagellates • Amasitogote • Promastigote • Epimastigote • Trypomastigote • Differentiated on basis of 1.size&shape2.position of kinetoplast 3. Point of emergence of external flagella 4. Presence of an undulating membrane

  5. Amastigote stage-Haemoflagellates axoneme kinetoplast nucleus

  6. Promastigote stage -Haemoflagellates kinetoplast nucleus axoneme flagellum

  7. Epimastigote form-Haemoflagellate nucleus

  8. Life cycle Leishmania

  9. Pathogenicity • Incubation period : 3-6 months • Visceral Leishmaniasis/kala azar • Amstigote forms multiply in Reticuloendothelial system • Spleen, liver, lymph nodes,bone marrow • Hepatospleenomegaly • Stimulation of CMI &AMI • Reversal of Albumin/Globulin ratio

  10. Pathogenicity • Anemia,leucopenia & thrombocytopenia • Fever, malaise,headache • Hepatspleenomegaly &Lymphadenopathy • Skin is dry, rough & Pigmented • 75-95%of untreated cases die within 2 years • Death due to secondary infections

  11. Laboratory diagnosis • Non-specific Lab tests : Blood count,hemoglobin estimation,Serum proteins,A:G ratio Parasitological diagnosis: Peripheral smear(amastogote forms) Lymph node,bone marrow,liver,Spleen :aspiration/needle biopsy(Giemsa-amastigote) Culture :Promastigote form Animal inoculation

  12. Amastigote forms LD bodies LD bodies

  13. Laboratory diagnosis • Immunological tests • Non-specific tests:Aldehyde test Antimony test Complement fixation test with W.K.K antigen(Witebsky,Kleingenstein& Kunh) Specific tests:Direct agglutination(DAT) IHA,Indirect fluorescent antibody test ELISA ,Leishmanin or Montenegro test

  14. POST KALA AZAR DERMAL LEISHMANIASIS(PKDL) • As a result of therapeutic cure from viscereal leishmaniasis,due to reversal of the agent from viscerotropc to dermatotropic • Differentialdiagnosis: Malaria,trypanosomiasis,schistosomiasis,liver abscess,splenomegaly,histoplasmosis,TB,brucellosis…etc.

  15. Treatment • Pentavalent antimonials Sodium stibogluconate Meglucomine anitmoniate Aromatic diamidines: Monomycin Paromycicn Aminosidine Amphotericin B

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