Western Settlement and Immigration

1. Western Settlement and Immigration

2. What four factors fueled American growth and expansion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? 1) Economic opportunity 2) Industrialization 3) Technological change 4) Immigration

3. What four factors influenced American growth and expansion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? 1) Westward movement 2) Immigration 3) Growth of cities 4) Admission of new states

4. Into what western region did settlement increase after the Civil War? Between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean

5. When was the era of the American cowboy? Years right before and right after the Civil War

6. During the era of the American cowboy, what was the reason for the long cattle drives over unfenced open land in the West? It was the only way to get cattle to market

7. What three cities in the Midwest became centers of the meatpacking industry in the late 19th century? Chicago Omaha Kansas City

8. What was the Homestead Act of 1862? Gave free public land in the western territories to settlers who would live on and farm the land

9. According to the SOLs, who moved west to seek new opportunities after the Civil War? Southerners Especially African-Americans

10. What does one call the African-Americans who in 1879 and 1880 moved from the South to Kansas to escape racial violence? The Exodusters

11. What two new technologies opened new lands in the West for settlement and made farming profitable? Railroads Mechanical reaper

12. What crop did the mechanical reaper harvest? Wheat

13. By 1900, what parts of the American West had gone from unsettled frontier to regions of farms, ranches, and towns? The Great Plains The Rocky Mountains

14. What happened to the American Indians as settlers continued to move west from 1865 to 1900? American Indians were forced off their ancestral lands

15. What did the Dawes Act attack? Traditional Indian ways

16. What federal law first offered American citizenship to Indians? The Dawes Act

17. When was the Old Immigration? Before 1880 SOLs say �prior to 1871�

18. From what region of the world did immigrants come during the Old Immigration? Northern and Western Europe

19. From what countries did the immigrants come during the Old Immigration?

20. Germany Great Britain Ireland Norway Sweden

21. What is the best way to remember the most important groups of the Old Immigration? BIG: British Irish Germans

22. When was the New Immigration? 1880-World War I SOLs say �the half-century from 1871 until 1921�

23. From what region of the world did the New Immigrants come? Southern and Eastern Europe

24. From what countries did the immigrants come during the New Immigration?

25. Italy Greece Poland Russia Present-day Hungary Former Yugoslavia

26. What is the best way to remember the most important groups of the New Immigration? RIP: Russians Italians Poles

27. Do the SOLs put Asian immigration in the Old Immigration or the New Immigration? New Immigration

28. What two Asian countries do the SOLs include in the New Immigration? China Japan

29. Why did immigrants come to America during the New Immigration? Freedom (political and religious) Better lives for their families (economic opportunity)

30. How did Chinese immigrants contribute to the industrial growth of America? Helped build the Transcontinental Railroad

31. Where did immigrants work in the Northeast during the late 1800s? Textile mills Steel mills

32. In what industry did immigrants work in New York City in the late 1800s? Clothing industry

33. What groups worked in the coal mines of the East during the late 1800s? Slavs Italians Poles

34. Describe the pay and working conditions of most immigrants in the late 19th century. Low pay Dangerous working conditions

35. Where did most European immigrants enter America during the New Immigration? Through Ellis Island in New York harbor

36. What was the first view of America of the European immigrants who entered through Ellis Island? The Statue of Liberty

37. What theory says late 19th century immigrants were quickly assimilated (absorbed) into American culture? The �Melting Pot� thesis

38. Where in the growing cities did the �new immigrants� often settle? In ethnic neighborhoods

39. What are ethnic neighborhoods? Neighborhoods of people from the same country or culture

40. According to the �melting pot� thesis, what American institution served an essential role in the process of assimilating immigrants into American society? Public schools

41. What types of hardship and hostility did late 19th century immigrants often face?

42. Fear and resentment that immigrants would take jobs for lower pay than native born Americans Religious and cultural prejudice

43. What two laws limited immigration to the United States? Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Immigration Restriction Act of 1921

44. What cities grew rapidly as manufacturing and transportation centers in the late 19th century? Chicago Detroit Cleveland Pittsburgh New York

45. What provided jobs in the large cities during the late 19th century? Factories

46. Where did workers often live in the large cities of the late 19th century? Tenements Slums

47. What are tenements? Run-down, low rental apartment buildings

48. What shortages were created by the rapid growth of cities in the late 19th century? Housing shortages

49. What new public services were needed as a result of the rapid growth of cities in the late 19th century? Sewage systems Water systems Public transportation

50. What American city was one of the first cities to begin construction of a subway system around the turn of the 20th century? New York City

51. What type of public transportation system did many American cities build at the turn of the 20th century? Trolley or streetcar lines

52. As the American population moved westward after the Civil War, in what two regions were many new states added to the United States? The Great Plains The Rocky Mountains

53. By the early 20th century, what states had been admitted to the United States? All 48 states that make up the continental United States

54. What is the continental United States? All the states between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean