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CHAPTER 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

CHAPTER 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules. “You are what you eat!”. Standards. Objectives. Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules . Shoulder Partners.

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CHAPTER 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

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  1. CHAPTER 5The Structure and Function of Macromolecules “You are what you eat!”

  2. Standards Objectives • Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. • Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules

  3. Shoulder Partners

  4. Flip BooksTake out your flip books for notesTurn to last page – it should be open for notes about definitions and reactions

  5. Building MacromoleculesTake out the pieces of macromolecules that you colored and cut out last class periodYou also need one sheet of construction paper

  6. What is a MACROmolecule? • A Large molecule with a complex structure • A polymer built from monomers Macromolecule “little” molecule

  7. Poly - mer • A long molecule made of monomers bonded together Many Parts

  8. Mono - mer • The “building blocks” of polymers • A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer. One Part

  9. Three of life’s organic macromolecules are polymers • Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids

  10. EXAMPLES

  11. Think – Pair – Share • Explain to your partner how these Lego structures are like Polymers

  12. How are Polymers made? • How do monomers bind to form polymers? • condensation reactions called dehydration synthesis (removal of water)

  13. How do polymers break down? • Hydrolysisreaction • Hydro – lysis • Water is added to break the bonds that hold the polymer together. Water To Break

  14. Hydrolysis

  15. Think – Pair – Share Why would polymers need to be “broken down”?

  16. Classes of Organic Macromolecules: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  17. CARBOHYDRATES

  18. Carbo - hydrate Carbon Water • Monomer • Monosaccharide • (“mono” = one; “saccharide” = sugar) • Polymers • Disaccharides (di = two) • Polysaccharides (poly = many)

  19. Think – Pair – Share What are some functions of carbohydrates?

  20. Functions of Carbohydrates in living things: • Major fuel/energy source • Energy storage • Can be used as raw materials for other Macromolecules • Structural/building material in plants

  21. Structure of Monosaccharides • Contain only C, H, O • All have the molecular formula - (CH2O)n

  22. In aqueous solutions many monosaccharides form rings:

  23. Structure of Disaccharides • Consists of two monosaccharides • The monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic linkage (bond)

  24. Polar Bears • What reaction forms the glycosidic linkage (bond) between the monosaccharides to become a disaccharide? • Dehydration synthesis

  25. Build a Carbohydrate • Assemble a disaccharide sugar. • The building block/monomers of carbohydrates are ____________. • Place ________of these into a chain • Use the triangle water to point to the bond site. Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or released during this reaction. • Label as a dissaccharide simple sugars 2

  26. Build a Carbohydrate H2O

  27. Polysaccharides • Structure: Polymers of a few hundred or a few thousand monosaccharides. • Functions: • energy storage molecules • structural support

  28. Examples of Carbs:

  29. Starch - plant storage form for energy • easily broken down into glucose units

  30. Cellulose - fiber-like structural material made of glucose monomers • used in plant cell walls

  31. Why is Cellulose so strong? • Glucose monomers are flipped to expose equal Hydroxyl groups on either side of the chain • When Cellulose chains are lined up next to each other, they Hydrogen Bond making a strong material that’s difficult to break!

  32. Glycogen is the animal short-term storage form of energy • Glucose monomers

  33. Penguins • What reaction breaks the glycosidic linkage (bond) between the glucose molecules in glycogen so the monomers can be used for fuel? • Hydrolysis

  34. Chitin is a polysaccharide used as a structural material in arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell walls.

  35. Build a Carbohydrate • Assemble the remaining carbohydrate monomers into a polysaccharide sugar. • Place the remaining carbohydrate monomers into a chain. • Use the triangle water to point to the bond site. Draw an arrow to show if water is being added or released during this reaction.

  36. Standards • Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. • Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules Objectives

  37. PROTEINS

  38. Proteins • Monomer • amino acids • connected by peptide bonds • Have a 3 dimensional globular shape

  39. Amino Acids • Molecules with carboxyl and amino groups • Differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups

  40. 20 different amino acids • The sequence of amino acids determine the shape of the protein

  41. Did you know? • Our body can only synthesize 12 of the 20 amino acids.

  42. Where do we get the other 8 amino acids? Think – Pair – Share

  43. Polymers = polypeptides • Peptide bonds connect amino acids to form polypeptide chains

  44. Examples of Protein Functions • Immune System • Antibodies (proteins) bind to foreign substances • Transport • Membrane transport proteins - move substances across cell membranes • Hemoglobin carries oxygen, iron, and other substances through the body. • Muscle Contractions • Signaling - Hormones such as insulin regulate sugar levels in blood.

  45. Proteins are very complex! Their specific structure determines their function. HEMOGLOBIN: Transport of gases and iron in blood ACTIN: Filament involved in muscle contraction

  46. +H3NAmino end Pro Thr Gly Gly Amino acid subunits Thr Gly Glu Seu Lys Cys Pro Leu Met Val Lys Val Leu Asp Ala Arg Val Gly Ser Pro Ala Glu Lle Asp Thr Lys Ser Tyr Trp Lys Ala Leu Gly lle Ser Pro Phe His Glu His Ala Glu Val Thr Phe Val Ala Asn lle Thr Asp Ala Tyr Arg Ser Ala Arg Pro Gly Leu Leu Ser Pro Tyr Ser Tyr Ser Thr Thr Ala o Val c Val Glu – Lys Thr o Pro Asn Carboxyl end Figure 5.20 Four Levels of Protein Structure • Primary structure • Is the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

  47. N N O H H C R O N O C N N R N H R H N H C H C O N R N H O R O N R C H N O C H N H H C R N H C C C C C C C β pleated sheet O R R O O O R H H H H H H H H H N N N N N N C C O O C C C C O O O O O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H O H R R R R R R H H Amino acidsubunits H H H H H H H C C N N N C C C R O H C C R R H C H C α helix O C C H R O C C O C O N N H H C C R R • Secondary structure • Is the folding of the polypeptide one time • Forms an a helix or a b pleated sheet

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