Addiction Risk Factors for Drugs and Alcohol: Treatment and Harmful Effects

1. CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter 13 Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Addictive Behavior

2. Addiction: Compulsive and uncontrollable behavior(s) or use of substance(s) Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Key Term

3. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Addictive Behaviors • Almost anything can be addictive: • Work, shopping, television, the Internet, computer games, exercise, food, drugs • Other addictions include • Gambling, pornography, sex, people, places

4. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Addictive Behaviors • The most serious type is chemical dependency on drugs; examples include • Socially “accepted” substances • Coffee, tobacco, alcohol • Illegal substances • Cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA, ecstasy, heroin, marijuana • Others • Prescription drugs

5. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Risk Factors for Addiction • The behavior is reinforced • The addiction is an attempt to meet a basic need • Stress • Peer pressure • Acceptance within a value system

6. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Risk Factors for Addiction • Pain from serious illness • Pressure to perform or succeed • Low self-esteem • Genetic susceptibility • Society accepts addictive behaviors

7. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use What Is a Drug? • A drug is any substance that alters the user’s ability to function • Over-the-counter drugs • Prescription medications • Illegal substances • Many drugs lead to physical and psychological dependence

8. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Drugs • Any drug can be misused or abused • Misuse: the intentional or inappropriate use of over-the-counter or prescribed medications • Abuse: the intentional or inappropriate use of a drug resulting in physical, emotional, financial, intellectual, or social consequences • The body often develops tolerance to drugs, requiring a higher dose with subsequent use

9. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use The Influence of Drug Abuse • More than 50% of adolescent suicides are drug-related • Drug abuse can open the gate to other illegal activities • 70% of federal inmates and 80% of state inmates have abused drugs • 60% of the world’s production of illegal drugs is consumed in the U.S. • Americans spend more than $65 billion each year on illegal drugs (more than for all U.S. crops)

10. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Marijuana • Most widely used illegal drug in the U.S. • Low doses yield a sedative effect • Larger doses produce physical and psychic changes • Short-term effects include • Tachycardia, difficulty in concentration, decreased coordination, memory impairment, confusion, increased heart attack risk • Long-term effects include • The amotivational syndrome, brain atrophy, brain damage, immune system dysfunction, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, sterility, impotence

11. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Critical Thinking • The legalization of marijuana for medical purposes is being heatedly debated across the United States. Do you think this decision should rest with the government, medical personnel, or the individuals themselves?

12. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Cocaine • More than 5.7 million Americans use cocaine • 25% of first time users will become addicted • Addiction becomes a lifetime nightmare • Popularity based on the almost immediate feeling of euphoria

13. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Cocaine • Initial high • Alleviates fatigue, raises energy, decreases need for food and sleep • But increases risk of sudden death • Then comes the “crash” • Physiological and psychological depression leaving a desire for additional drug • Long-term consequences include • Digestive disorders, malnutrition, insomnia, anxiety, cocaine psychosis (“coke bugs”), tremors, seizures, strokes, cardiac arrhytmias

14. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Methamphetamine • Fastest growing drug problem in the U.S. • A central nervous system stimulant • Primary effect • Produces a feeling of well-being and increased motor activity • But decreases appetite, fatigue, and sleep • Chronic users experience • Inflammation of the heart lining, schizophrenia-like mental disorder, and brain cell damage • Users are frequently involved in violent crime, homicide, and suicide

15. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use MDMA (Ecstasy) • Most common club drug in the U.S. • A stimulant and hallucinogenic drug • Promoted as a drug that increases energy, pleasure, and self-confidence • Users may experience • Faintness, blurred vision, chills, sweating, nausea, muscle tension, and teeth-grinding • Long-term effects include • Confusion, depression, sleep disorders, anxiety, aggression, paranoia, and verbal and visual memory impairment

16. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Heroin • A sedative drug synthesized from morphine (opium) • An extremely addictive and tolerance-developing drug • Induces an almost immediate state of euphoria • An overdose can cause convulsions, coma, and death

17. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Heroin • Short-term use symptoms include • Bone and muscle pains, muscle spasms and cramps, runny nose and eyes, drowsiness, slurred speech, nausea, and violent yawning • Long-term symptoms include • Hallucinations; nightmares; constipation; sexual difficulties; and increased risk for lung, liver, and cardiovascular disease • SIDS is more frequently seen in children born to addicted mothers

18. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Alcohol • Alcohol abuse is one of the most significant health-related drug problems in the U.S. • Alcohol intake impedes peripheral vision, impairs the ability to see and hear, decreases reaction time, hinders concentration and motor performance, and causes impaired judgment of distance and speed of moving objects • Alcohol use also lessens fear, increases risk-taking behaviors, stimulates urination, and induces sleep

19. 13.1 Long-Term Risks Associated with Alcohol Abuse

20. 13.2 Average Number of Drinks by College Students per Week by GPA

21. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use College Students and Alcohol Misuse • 44% of students engage in binge drinking (5 or more drinks in a row) • Alcohol is a factor in 28% of all college dropouts • 25% of students report academic problems as a result of alcohol misuse • 29% of students admit driving while intoxicated • More than 50% of students participate in games that involve heavy drinking

22. The Impact of Binge Drinking

23. Synergistic action: The effect of mixing two or more drugs, which can be much greater than the drugs acting by themselves Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Key Term

24. Alcohol and Dating • Decide ahead of time what action to take if your date puts you in an uncomfortable situation • Most people think they are in control of their drinking habits and do not realize they have a problem until they become alcoholics

25. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use How to Cut Down on Drinking • Determine that you want to cut down on drinking • Set reasonable limits • Learn to say no politely and firmly • Drink slowly • Dilute your drinks • Do not drink on your own

26. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Treatment of Addiction • Recognize that there is a problem • Recovery almost always requires professional help • Consult a physician, counseling center, or local mental health clinic • Contact the National Center for Substance Abuse Treatment at 1-800-662-HELP for 24-hour substance abuse treatment centers in your area • Successful treatment includes psychotherapy, medical care, and behavior modification

27. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Cigarette Smoking • Cigarette smoking became popular in the mid 1800s • Harmful effects of cigarette smoking became known in the 1960s • More than 1,200 toxic chemicals have been found in tobacco smoke • Tar contains about 60 chemical compounds that are proven carcinogens

28. Nicotine: Addictive compound found in tobacco leaves Tar: Chemical compound that forms during the burning of tobacco leaves Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Key Terms

29. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Morbidity & Mortality • The World Health Organization estimates that 10% of the 6 billion people presently living will die from smoking-related illnesses • Cigarettes kill 26 times as many people as all illegal drugs combined (about 435,000/year) • Cigarette smoking is the single largest preventable cause of illness and premature death in the U.S.

30. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Morbidity & Mortality • The most common carcinogenic exposure in the workplace is cigarette smoke • Secondhand smoke causes an estimated 35,000 to 40,000 yearly deaths from heart disease in nonsmokers • About 3,000 people die each year from lung cancer because of secondhand smoke • Pipe and cigar smoking and chewing tobacco also increase the mortality rates from heart disease and lung, lip, mouth, and larynx cancer

31. 13.4 The Health Effects of Smoking • Every day, 1,200 Americans die from smoking

32. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Smoking-Related Problems • Causes heart disease, cancer, stroke, aortic aneurysm, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and peptic ulcers • On average, each cigarette shortens life expectancyby 7 minutes • 87% of lung cancer and 30% of all cancers are caused by smoking • Smoking affects the cardiovascular system by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, susceptibility to atherosclerosis, blood clots, coronary artery spasm, cardiac arrhythmia, and arteriosclerotic peripheral vascular disease

33. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Smoking-Related Problems • As far as the extra load on the heart is concerned, smoking one pack of cigarettes per day is the equivalent of carrying between 50 and 75 pounds of excess body fat • Smoking is the most prevalent cause of injury and death from fire • Cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide which reduces the blood’s oxygen carrying capacity • Carbon monoxide and nicotine can cause damage to the arterial wall, enhancing atherosclerosis • Smoking causes increased adhesiveness and clustering of platelets, increasing blood thickness that may precipitate a heart attack

34. 13.3 A Normal and a Diseased Alveoli

35. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Critical Thinking • Cigarette smoking is the largest preventable cause of premature illness and death in the United States. Do you think the government should outlaw the use of tobacco in all forms? Or does the individual have the right to engage in self-destructive behavior?

36. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Economic Impact • Smokers use the health care system twice as much as nonsmokers • A smoking employee costs an employer up to an additional $4,611 annually

37. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Critical Thinking • You are in a designated nonsmoking area and the person next to you lights up a cigarette. What can you say to this person to protect your right to clean air?

38. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Smokeless Tobacco • Use has increased during the last 15 years • Leads to health problems • Gingivitis and periodontitis • Four times greater risk of oral cancer • Increased cavities, sore gums, bad breath, and stained teeth • Diminishes smell and taste • Increases heart rate and blood pressure • Just as addictive as cigarette smoking

39. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Smoking Cessation • Nicotine is perhaps the most addictive drug known to humans • 75 to 90% of smokers would like to quit • Most important factor in quitting is sincere desire to do so • 20% of smokers who try to quit succeed the first time • More than 91% of successful ex-smokers have been able to quit on their own

40. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Steps to Smoking Cessation • Decide positively that you want to quit • Initiate a personal diet and exercise program • Decide on the approach you will use to stop smoking • Cold turkey • Cutting down gradually • Keep a daily log of your smoking habit for a few days • Set the target date for quitting • Stock up on low-calorie foods • Quit!

41. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Life after Cigarettes • Withdrawal symptoms should be expected • Physiological addiction is broken in about 3 days following the last cigarette • Psychological addiction takes longer, possibly years to break • Benefits begin right after smoking cessation

42. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Following Smoking Cessation • Risk for illness starts to decrease the moment you stop smoking • Sore throats, sores in the mouth, hoarseness, cigarette cough, and risk for peptic ulcers decrease • Circulation to the hands and feet improve • Gastrointestinal, kidney, and bladder functions improve • Everything tastes and smells better • You will have more energy • You gain a sense of freedom, pride, and well-being

43. Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Drugs and Dependence Alcohol Treatment of Addiction Tobacco Use Critical Thinking • If you ever smoked or now smoke cigarettes, discuss your perceptions of how others accepted your behavior. • If you smoked and have quit, how did you accomplish the task, and has it helped in how you are viewed by others? • If you never smoked, how do perceive smokers?

44. End of Chapter