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Underground Gamma-ray Spectrometry in HADES

Underground Gamma-ray Spectrometry in HADES. Mikael Hult. Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) Geel, Belgium http://www.irmm.jrc.be http://www.jrc.cec.eu.int. Personnel involved in ILIAS activities - status 1 st half of 2005.

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Underground Gamma-ray Spectrometry in HADES

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  1. Underground Gamma-ray Spectrometry in HADES Mikael Hult Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) Geel, Belgium http://www.irmm.jrc.be http://www.jrc.cec.eu.int

  2. Personnel involved in ILIAS activities - status 1st half of 2005 • Uwe Wätjen (D), Sector Head Radionuclide Metrology, in EUROMET Technical Committee Ionising Radiation, CCRI Section II • Mikael Hult (S), Group leader low-level measurements, co-ordinator of CELLAR, • Gerd Marissens (B), Chief technician • Joël Gasparro (F), Post doc. Fellow • Werner Preusse (D), Visiting scientist

  3. Court of Justice The EU Institutions Committee of the Regions Court of Auditors European Parliament The Council of Ministers Economic and Social Committee The European Commission (the ‘College’ of Commissioners) SG RELEX ENTR ENV SANCO RTD JRC ... ... ... ... …. ... ... …. Directorates General: the “Commission services” IPTS IPSC IRMM ….. IHCP JRC Institutes: JRC can apply for funding from DG RTD like any other institution. The only restriction is that JRC persons are not allowed to co-ordinate indirect actions

  4. 7 Institutes in 5 Member States IRMM – Geel, Belgium - Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements Staff:  250 IE – Petten, The Netherlands - Institute for EnergyStaff:  180 ITU – Karlsruhe, Germany - Institute for Transuranium elements Staff:  250 IPSC - IHCP - IES – Ispra, Italy - Institute for the Protection and the Security of the Citizen - Institute for Health and Consumer Protection - Institute for Environment and Sustainability Staff:  350, 250, 370 IPTS – Seville, Spain - Institute for Prospective Technological StudiesStaff:  100 Total staff: ~ 2200 people Structure of the DG-JRC

  5. Olen – Geel – Mol - Dessel

  6. BR1 (700 kW) + BR2 (10 MW) 5 km SCK•CEN + VITO (+ HADES) IRMM Umicore Canberra Semiconductor

  7. Nearby facilities • Canberra Semiconductor – for HPGe detector assemblies • Umicore – for Ge crystal growth • IRMM – for radioactivity measurements (low-level or high accuracy) • IRMM – other facilities: LINAC, Van de Graaff, reference facilities in analytical chemistry etc. • SCK – HADES, 2 research reactors and analytical facilities

  8. n L e- 150 MeV U GELINA : the Geel Linear Accelerator Neutron measurements with very high energy resolution using time-of-flight technique

  9. IRMM core competences & research areas Core competences • Food analysis & bio-analysis • Reference materials • Chemical/isotopic reference measurements • Radionuclide metrology • Neutron physics (LINAC, VdG) • Applied in the fields of • Food safety and quality • Biotechnology and health • Environment • Nuclear safeguards • Nuclear safety • Nuclear waste treatment

  10. HADES = High Activity Disposal Experimental Site

  11. Ge-9 ? Well-type 2006? Detectors in HADES • Ge-8 is ordered (high resolution – low background at low energies) • Ge-4 and Ge-7 will be placed in the same shield to form a sandwich detector

  12. 3 10 1 10 Felsenkeller 125 m w.e. -1 10 -3 10 Gran Sasso 3800 m w.e. -5 10 Normalised counting rate (d-1 keV-1 kg-1 ) Ge Gran Sasso 3800 m w.e. Gamma-ray background spectrum ~14 cm lead ~ 8 cm Cu HADES 500 m w.e. 500 1000 1500 2000 Gamma-ray energy (keV)

  13. General comments on materials Variability between batches If you want to have a ULB HPGe you need to select the materials yourself and have the detector tested in a reputable deep underground laboratory very near to a manufacturer.

  14. repeat Ge-production (i) 1) Raw material: residue from e.g. Zn-ore with 3-5% Ge Zn-plant Balen? 2) Reduction of Ge-oxide 3) Zone-refinement Measurements • Resistivity • Hall • DLTS Resistivity measurement 4) Czochralski growth

  15. Reduction of Ge-oxide Needs a powerful furnace. A bit difficult to put underground but possible Zone-refinement 12-13 days work (24/24)=> > 1 months without shift work Relatively easy to put underground (“low power”, some gas) Czochralski growth 2-3 days Relatively easy to place underground (small “low power”, some gas) Ge-production (ii)

  16. 214Bi (222Rn-daughter) 60Co Normalised counting rate (d-1 keV-1 kg-1 ) Ge 65Zn g-energy: 1115 keV Binding E (Cu): 8.98 keV Gamma-ray energy (keV)

  17. What is underground?

  18. Attenuation of radiation in earth’s crust 10-1 muons HADES Secondary neutrons 10-2 10-3 Neutrons produced in lead by muons Intensity cm-2 s-1 10-4 Neutrons from fission and (a,n) 10-5 1 0.1 10 100 1000 Depth (meter water equivalent) Source: Gerd Heusser

  19. Low-level measurements – a growing field! JET Ref.measurements Isotopic fingerprints Tokai-mura Hiroshima Decay data Safeguards Radiation Protection Neutrinos / bb Small samples High temporal resolution Benchmarking Fast measurements Radiopurity for detector construction 14 ISST Nova Gorica, 2005

  20. 104 3 crystals in one cryostat FoM = 103 102 The first Ge(Li) Figure of Merit (s1/2) 101 100 Coaxial The first HPGe Planar 10-1 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year Why is this a current issue? Development in germanium detector technology 14 ISST Nova Gorica, 2005

  21. Source: Physics World, January 2004, “Controlled Fusion: the Next Step” By Gia Tuong Hoang and Jean Jacquinot JET 14 ISST Nova Gorica, 2005

  22. C E L L A R Collaboration of European Low-level underground LAboRatories Mission: To promote higher quality and sensitivity in ultra low-level radioactivity measurements for the improvement of crisis management, environment, health and consumer protection standards of Europe.

  23. C E L L A R CELLAR-Partners • LSCE - France (-2200 m) • LNGS - Italy (-1700 m) • PTB - Germany (-925 m => -415 m) • IRMM - EU (-225 m) • University of Iceland (-165 m) • VKTA - Germany (-50 m) • IAEA-MEL - Monaco • MPI-Heidelberg - Germany (-10 m) • ARC-Seibersdorf – Austria (- 2 m) • + associated partners

  24. C E L L A R • CELLAR-actions • Setting up of a programme (in close • contact with ICRM LLWG) involving • actions like: • Joint purchase and underground • storage of electrolytic copper. Testing of equipment. • ‘Travelling detector’ - study of background at different laboratories using one detector to better optimise construction of detectors made from Ge, NaI and CsI • Intercomparisons of low-levels of activity (crisis management and international equivalence) • Joint publications describing state of the art, applications areas and future development

  25. 106 -1 105 104 103 102 Background counting rate (d-1 kgGe) Muon fluence rate (a. u.) 101 100 10-1 10-2 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Depth (m w.e.) There is still work to do! Low background - above ground Felsenkeller Gran Sasso ASSE/UDO Modane HADES

  26. Go even deeper! 106 -1 105 104 103 102 Background counting rate (d-1 kgGe) Muon fluence rate (a. u.) 101 100 10-1 10-2 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Depth (m w.e.) The future

  27. Will some wealth from HADES reach ILIAS? ...... to take Cerberus for a walk(= to manage to fulfil the necessary EC formalities) YES -If we can do like only Heracles succeeded before .....

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