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Lecture 2

Lecture 2. Ch. 1 Psychological Science. Class plan for today. Why do we need to use a scientific approach? What does science value? The Scientific Method Experimental Designs Correlation vs. Causation In-class Activity 1 Research Ethics. Why do we need to use a scientific approach?.

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Lecture 2

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  1. Lecture 2 Ch. 1 Psychological Science

  2. Class plan for today • Why do we need to use a scientific approach? • What does science value? • The Scientific Method • Experimental Designs • Correlation vs. Causation • In-class Activity 1 • Research Ethics

  3. Why do we need to use a scientific approach? • Are intuition and common sense enough?

  4. What characteristics are valued in scientists?

  5. The Scientific Method

  6. Methods for studying Psychology • Be able to identify each method • Know the pros and cons for using each method

  7. Description Case Study Susan Kuklin/ Photo Researchers

  8. Survey http://www.lynnefeatherstone.org

  9. Naturalistic Observation Courtesy of Gilda Morelli

  10. Indicates direction of relationship (positive or negative) Correlation coefficient Indicates strength of relationship (0.00 to 1.00) Correlation When one trait or behavior accompanies another, we say the two correlate. Correlation Coefficient is a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables. r = + 0.37

  11. Positive Relationships High GPA Low 1-3 4-6 7-9 Hours studying

  12. Negative Relationships High GPA Low Low Mod High Alcohol Consumption

  13. No relationship High Honesty Low Low Mod High SES

  14. Figure 5-5: A Perfect Positive Correlation r = 1

  15. Figure 5-6: A Perfect Negative Correlation r = -1

  16. Non-perfect correlation The relationship between being in a state of anxiety and performance on a memory task with emotional distracters r=-0.326

  17. Do not conceive Conceive Adopt Confirming evidence Disconfirming evidence Do not adopt Disconfirming evidence Confirming evidence Illusory Correlation The perception of a relationship where no relationship actually exists. Parents conceive children after adoption. Michael Newman Jr./ Photo Edit

  18. Exploring Cause & Effect Many factors influence our behavior. Experiments (1)manipulate factors that interest us, while other factors are kept under (2) control. Be able to identify the independent and dependentvariables in examples of studies.

  19. Describing Data A meaningful description of data is important in research. Misrepresentation may lead to incorrect conclusions.

  20. Measures of Central Tendency A Skewed Distribution

  21. Measures of Variation Range Standard Deviation

  22. Evaluating the results of a study • What increases the chance that a difference between groups is a real, reliable effect?

  23. Research Ethics • Animal research • Human research

  24. In-class activity 1 • Get into groups of 2-4 • Make sure you turn in the handout with all your names on it

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