How Do Projects and Programs Emerge?

1. How Do Projects and Programs Emerge? An introduction to the project cycle

2. Assess Situation The Project Cycle MonitorEvaluate Analyze Plan, designRedesign Implement ADVOCACY

3. Another View Situation analysis Problem tree/objective tree creation Generation of strategy options Program or Project Design

4. Physical/ Material Elderly people and children - difficult to get food aid Food and income from local farming Social/ Organizational HIV / AIDS: demographic age shift Tradition of family care Motivational/ Attitudinal Mass bereavement Commitment to education Situation Analysis: Emergency Response Example Vulnerabilities Capacities

5. High mortality Lack of dignity Measles Acute respiratory infections Cold damp weather Poor vaccination coverage Overcrowding in shelters Hard shelter contaminated Improper drugs Improper clothing Politics of keeping displaced people away from host population Few temporary shelters Situation Analysis: Shelter Problem Tree

6. High mortality Traumatic injury Measles Inadequate clinics ARI Too few doctors Malaria Poor vaccination coverage Diarrhea Violence against minorities Violence against women Not enough clinics Land tenure Improper drugs Poor drugs Population doubles in town War economy Political crisis Fuel wood far away Communal washing far away Historical situation of poor wealth sharing Population displacement Situation Analysis: Health Problem Tree

7. Disease burden Malnutrition Lack of dignity Improper food basket •calories •palatability Changed social environment Inability to prepare food Micro- nutrient Deficiencies (pellagra) Violence against women No stoves Low purchasing power, low income for sold rations Women take too much time collecting fuel No local purchases Few other assets Hyperinflation Pipeline delays War economy No blended food Washing facilities too far away Insecurity in lowlands Theft en route to city Rapid growth, too much debt, devalued currency Donor politics, fatigue low strategic value Fuel is in distant lowlands Situation Analysis: Nutrition Problem Tree

8. Inability to prepare food Improper food basket • caloric value • palatability Stoves No local purchases Low purchasing power Pipeline delays Few other assets Women spending too much time collecting firewood Security in lowlands Hyper- inflation Theft en route Transporter contractual problems • lost paperwork • auditors • unpaid invoices Fuel far away in insecure farmlands War economy Situation Analysis: Food Security Problem Tree Lack of dignity and malnutrition

9. Monitoring A continuous and systematic processof recording, collecting, measuring, analyzing and communicating information

10. Progress of project implementation Developments in the project environment Analysis of interaction between:project and environment Monitoring Focus

11. Guiding Principles for Monitoring • Focuses on the most basic information rerequired for each level of responsibility • Uses participatory methods • Creates an obligation to act on the operational and strategic implications of information received

12. Evaluation Systematic and impartial examination of a project or program intended to draw lessons that contribute to...: • Improved policy and practice• Enhanced accountability

13. Monitoring and Evaluation • Use indicators• Always focus on improving • May also involve proving