Beginning of the review part 3

1. Beginning of the review part 3

2. Direct object pronouns • The object that directly receives the action of the verb is called the direct object. • The direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?" with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing. • When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns: In sentences with two verbs, there are two options regarding the placement of the direct object pronoun. 1. Place it immediately before the conjugated verb. 2. Attach it directly to the infinitive. nos me te lo los la las Lo/la Los/las

3. Indirect object pronouns • The indirect object (IO) tells us where the direct object (DO) is going. • The indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?" the action of the verb is performed. • Sentences that have an indirect object usually also have a direct object. Remember, the IO tells us where the DO is going. • Sometimes the direct object is not stated; rather it is implied, or understood.

4. Indirect object pronouns • When a pronoun takes the place of the name of the indirect object, use the following pronouns: nos me te le les le les le les The IO pronouns le and les present a special problem because they are ambiguous. Since le and les can mean more than one thing, a prepositional phrase is often added to remove the ambiguity or for emphasis

5. Preterite of regular –ar verbs • The preterite is used for past actions that are seen as completed. • The preterite of regular -arverbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending -arand adding the appropriate endings to the stem. Note that verbs that end in ______, ______, and ______ have a spelling change in the ______form. _______ = _______ _______ = _______ _______ = _______ car gar zar yo é amos car aste qué gar gué ó aron cé zar

6. Ser and Ir in the preterite • The verbs ir and ser are irregular in the preterite tense • The context in which each verb is used in the sentence will clarify the meaning. • The verb ser is not used very often in the preterite. fui fuimos fuiste fue fueron

7. Preterite of regular –er and –ir verbs • Both regular –er and –ir verbs have the same set of endings í imos iste ió ieron

8. Dar and Ver in the preterite • The preterite endings of the verbs dar and ver are the same as those of regular -er and -ir verbs, except for the accent marks. di dimos vi vimos diste viste dio dieron vio vieron

9. Present tense “go” verbs • The verbs hacer(to do, to make), poner, traer (to bring), and salir have an irregular yo form. • The yo form has a g. All other forms are the same as those of a regular -er or -ir verb. hago pongo traigo salgo haces pones traes sales hace pone trae sale hacemos ponemos traemos salimos g hacen ponen traen salen Beware of the sneaky “g”

10. Present tense “go” verbs • The verb venir (to come) also has an irregular yo form. It conjugates like the verb tener. It is an e-ie stemchanger. vengo venimos vienes viene vienen

11. Present progressive tense • The present progressive is used in Spanish to express an action that is presently going on—an action in progress. • The present progressive is formed by using the present tense of the verb estar and the present participle—speaking, doing. • To form the present participle of most verbs in Spanish you drop the ending of the infinitive and add -ando to the stem of -ar verbs and -iendo to the stem of -er and -ir verbs. • Note that the verbs leer and traer have a y in the present participle. • leyendotrayendo

12. Saber y conocer in the present tense • The verbs saber and conocer both mean to know. • Note that like many Spanish verbs they have an irregular yo form in the present tense. All other forms are regular. sé sabemos conozco conocemos sabes conoces sabe saben conoce conocen

13. Saber y conocer in the present tense • The verb saber means to know a fact or to have information about something. It also means to know how to do something. • The verb conocer means to know in the sense of to be acquainted with. • It is used to talk about people and complex or abstract concepts rather than simple facts.

14. Reflexive verbs • A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same • When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se." • The reflexive pronouns are • me, te, se, nos, se Steps to conjugating Cut Fling Flop Chopsuey (switch-a-roonie) Schmoosh me lav ar o se Cut off the “se” Fling “se” in front of the verb Flop “se” over into me, te, se, nos, or se to match the subject Chop off –ar, -er, -ir Swich the stem if necessary Add the appropriate ending