Chapter 3 The Transfer of Genetic Information

1. Chapter 3 The Transfer of Genetic Information RNA to ---- From DNA

2. 3.1 Overview 1. Procedures of Gene Expression (1) Gene expression (2) Steps

3. ① ② ③ ④

4. 2. Coding Strand and Antisense Strand (+) 5’------ATTGCCTGAATGGTCCC----3’ 5’------TAACGGACTTACCAGGG----3’ 5’------AUUGCCUGAAUGGUCCC----3’ 5’------UAACGGACUUACCAGGG----3’ coding strand, non-template strand, sense strand, plus strand…… (─) template strand, antisense strand, minus strand…… sense RNA antisense RNA

5. 3. Steps are required for the transcription: (1)Initiation (2)Elongation (3)Termination

7. 4. Main Components for Transcription substrate template  RNA polymerase 5’ → 3’

8.       Core enzyme(α2ββ ω) holoenzyme(α2ββ ω)  RNA pol in prokaryotes

9.  RNA polymerases in Eukaryotes

10. 3.2 Transcription in Prokaryotes 1. DNA Elements for Initiation of Transcription in Prokaryotes (1) Promoter (2) Structure of Promoter -35 region, -10 region, INR (Inr)

11. 2. Initiation of Transcription in Prokaryotes 3. Elongation and Termination of Transcription in Prokaryotes

13. ρ-independent termination (strong) ρ-dependent termination (weak)

14. 3.3 Transcription in Eukaryotes 1. DNA Elements for Initiation of Transcription in Eukaryotes  Cis-acting elements TATA box, UPE, UAS…..  Trans-acting factor TFs

15. 2. Initiation of Transcription in Eukaryotes

16. PIC of RNA pol II transcription upstream control element (UCE).  upstream binding factors (UBF)

17. PIC of RNA pol I transcription upstream control element (UCE).  upstream binding factors (UBF)

18. PIC of RNA pol III transcription TFIIB-related factor, BRF

19. PIC of 5S rRNA transcription

20. Animation

21. 3.4 RNA Processing 1. Coding RNA and Non-coding RNA  Coding RNA - mRNA  Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) - any RNA that is not translated into a protein.

22. 2. Types of RNA Processing  End modification  Splicing  Cutting events  Chemical modification

23. 3. End-modification of pre-mRNA  5’-cap  3’-Poly(A) : Polyadenylate polymerase

25. 4. RNA Splicing pre-mRNA splicing  tRNA-splicing  Group I intron splicing  Group II intron splicing

26. pre-mRNA The mechanism of pre-mRNA splicing

27. snRNPs spliceosome

28. U1snRNPs is released. U4snRNPs is released. Two transesterification reactions

29. Animation

30. tRNA splicing

31. Group I intron splicing

32. Group II intron splicing

33. Alternative Splicing

34. Cis Splicing Trans Splicing

35. 5. RNA Editing mRNA Editing of Human Apolipoprotein - B

36. 3.5 Reverse transcription

40. Sidney Altman Thomas Cech 3.6 Ribozymes What is a Ribozyme? 1989 Nobel PrizeIn Chemistry

41. Mechanism of Ribozyme

42. Types of Ribozyme - the hammerhead ribozyme (plant virus) - the hairpin ribozyme (plan virus) - hepatitis delta ribozyme (human virus) - group I and group II intron ribozyme - RNAse P (tRNA maturation)

43. Natural ribozymes: Peptidyl transferase 23S rRNA RNase P Group I and Group II introns Leadzyme Hairpin ribozyme Hammerhead ribozyme HDV ribozyme Mammalian CPEB3 ribozyme VS ribozyme glmS ribozyme CoTC ribozyme

44. RNA World Hypothesis What is the origin of life? DNA? RNA?

45. Summary 1. Regulatory elements of prokaryotes and eukaryotes for RNA transcription 2. RNA polymerase of prokaryotes and eukaryotes 3. Procedures of RNA transcription 4. mRNA structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes 5. Types of RNA processing 6. Types of RNA splicing and their mechanisms 7. RNA editing mechanism 8. Mechanism of reverse transcription 9. Ribozyme and silencing mechanism

46. Thank You Very Much