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The small molecule neurotransmitters Acetylcholine glutamate GABA glycine

The small molecule neurotransmitters Acetylcholine glutamate GABA glycine. Biogenic amines. Alternative G protein pathways. How G proteins activate adenylyl cyclase. Structure and function of PKA. Production of PIP 2. PLC activation by G proteins. Production of IP 3.

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The small molecule neurotransmitters Acetylcholine glutamate GABA glycine

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  1. The small molecule neurotransmitters Acetylcholine glutamate GABA glycine

  2. Biogenic amines

  3. Alternative G protein pathways

  4. How G proteins activate adenylyl cyclase

  5. Structure and function of PKA

  6. Production of PIP2

  7. PLC activation by G proteins

  8. Production of IP3

  9. Cells keep calcium concentrations low

  10. Ways of integrating signals from the environment

  11. (A) A presynaptic terminal forming glutamatergic synapses with two dendritic spines. Synaptic vesicles containing glutamate cluster at the site of synaptic contact. (B) Tracing of (A), identifying major synaptic structures. The dendritic shaft contains microtubules along which material is transported from the cell body. Spines contain an actin cytoskeleton that confers movement (73) and permits transport of material toward the PSD at the tip of the spine. Scale bar in (A), 400 nm.

  12. Hypothetical signaling machines in the PSD. (1) NMDA receptor, CaMKII, PSD-95, and SynGAP. (2) mGluR links to the IP3 receptor and to the NMDA receptor complex via a scaffold assembled from Homer and Shank.

  13. (A) Hypothetical scaled diagram of arrangements of NMDA (blue), AMPA (beige), and mGlu (orange) receptors and of CaMKII (red) in a 400-nm-diameter PSD. The diameters of NMDA and AMPA receptors are ~10 nm, and the diameter of the mGluR is ~5 nm. Estimates of numbers of NMDA receptors vary, but average around 50 for a 400-nm PSD (75-79). AMPA receptors cycle in and out of the postsynaptic site, and their numbers are believed to vary from none (a silent synapse) to around 50. (B) The receptors and CaMKII fit easily into the area of the PSD, suggesting that additional proteins are likely to be present in the PSD in vivo.

  14. Gβγ and various neurotransmitters inhibit synaptic transmission by reducing neurotransmitter release

  15. We can postulate a number of ways that activation of presynaptic conductances can alter neurotransmitter release 1. action potential - starting point 2. activation of a leak conductance shunts the action potential 3. activation of a leak conductance causes a branch point failure 4. Inhibition of calcium channels reduces calcium entry

  16. GPCR mediated calcium channel modulation

  17. But GPCRs can also directly target the release machinery

  18. There exist numerous presynaptic modulatory targets for GPCRs

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