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Reform & Terror of Revolution

Reform & Terror of Revolution. Aug. 1789: peasants targeted upper classes. I. The End of the Old Regime. Aug. 4, 1789: nobles joined Nat’l Assembly Abolished all remnants of feudalism Repealed tithes & canceled feudal dues owed by peasants Privileges of First & Second Estate abolished

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Reform & Terror of Revolution

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  1. Reform & Terror of Revolution

  2. Aug. 1789: peasants targeted upper classes

  3. I. The End of the Old Regime • Aug. 4, 1789: nobles joined Nat’l Assembly • Abolished all remnants of feudalism • Repealed tithes & canceled feudal dues owed by peasants • Privileges of First & Second Estate abolished • OLD REGIME = DEAD!

  4. Aug. 27, 1789: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen • Men are born equal & remain equal before the law • Freedom of speech, press, religion • All citizens had equal right to public office • Slogan of Fr. Rev. = “liberty, equality, fraternity” • Women excluded • Olympe de Gouges: Declaration of Women and Citizenesses (rejected by Nat’l Assembly)

  5. II. Reforms in Govt. • 1789-1791: passed many laws correcting abuses, set up new govt. • Divided Fr. into 83 districts (departments) • 1789: assumed national debt • Seized Church lands (offered to public) –pay off debt! • 1790: Civil Constitution of the Clergy • PEOPLE in the parishes would elect clergy • Church lost both lands & political independence • Many peasants opposed assembly’s reforms

  6. A. Louis Tries to Escape • June 20-21, 1791: royal fam. tried to escape to Austrian Netherlands • Apprehended at border & returned to Paris

  7. III. The Constitution of 1791 • 1791: Nat’l Assembly finished Constitution • Limited authority of king & est. govt. into 3 branches • king could not proclaim laws or block laws passed by legislature • Legislative Assembly: create laws

  8. A. Factions Split France • Food shortages & debt remained • Legislative Assembly split • Radicals (left wing) • Moderates • Conservatives (right wing) • Old Regime died hard: many nobles fled to other countries • Emigres = restore Old Regime • sans-culottes (“those w/out knee breeches”)

  9. IV. The End of the Monarchy • Neighboring countries feared Fr. fate • Austria & Prussia wanted Louis reinstated • Issued the Declaration of Pillnitz • April 1792: Legislative Assembly declared war • Invaded Fr. • Radicals seized control of Paris (the Commune) • ABOLISH MONARCHY! • Aug. 10, 1792: office of king suspended • Louis & family taken from Tuileries Palace to the Temple • Commune ruled Paris, Leg. Assem. governed Fr.

  10. Fr. needed a new const. • Leg. Assem. voted itself out of existence • Needed a Nat’l Convention

  11. V. The French Republic • Delegates elected by universal manhood suffrage

  12. A. The Nat’l Convention • Sept. 1792: first meeting • Divided into 3 groups (no support for king) • 1. Girondists – • republicans, middle-class, feared domination by Paris • 2. Jacobins— • extreme radicals • republicans, favored domination by Paris • Georges-Jacques Danton, Maximilien Robespierre, Jean-Paul Marat • 3. group that had no definite views

  13. Nat’l Convention governed 3 yrs. • End of monarchy, beginning of republic • Create new constitution, suppress disorder at home, fight foreign invaders • Louis XVI tried for treason • Jan. 21, 1793: beheaded by guillotine • Shocked Western world

  14. B. Exporting the Revolution • Fr. armies stopped invasion • Invaded Austrian Netherlands • SPREAD IDEAS OF REVOLUTION! • Brit., Netherlands, Spain, & Sardinia joined Austria & Prussia to form alliance (the First Coalition) • Invaded Fr. • 1793: Committee of Public Safety • Crush foreign armies • Revolutionary Tribunal—to try “enemies of the Rev.” • Conscription (the draft) • Men of ALL classes fought

  15. Jacobins controlled Nat’l Convention • Arrested Girondists • Charlotte Corday assassinated Jean-Paul Marat (1793)

  16. VI. The Reign of Terror • Nat’l Convention suppressed all opposition • 1793: Maximilien Robespierre gained power • Build a “republic of virtue” • Redrew calendars to eliminate Sunday (religion) • Leader of the Committee of Public Safety (dictator) • Prd. = the Reign of Terror (Sept. 1793-July 1794) • Goal = protect the Rev. from “enemies” • Challenged leadership • Many executed on mere suspicion • Spring 1794: Geoges Danton spoke out • Executed • July 1794: Robespierre executed

  17. VII. Work of the Nat’l Convention • Made many reforms • Public education • Abolished slavery in colonies • Adopted metric system • By 1795: citizen army drove out invaders • First Coalition broke up • Crushed uprising in Paris

  18. A. The Directory • 1795: another Const. • Universal manhood suffrage disappeared • Wealthy controlled the govt. • Est. an executive branch (5 directors) • Governed Fr. (4 yrs) • Economic situation worsened • Unpopular Under Robespierre blood was spilled & we had bread. Now blood is no longer spilled, & we have no bread. Perhaps we must spill some blood in order to have bread.

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