Chapter 14

1. Chapter 14 Government Export Financing Programs

2. Export-Import Bank of the United States • Ex-Im Bank is an independent agency of the U.S. government. • The overall purpose of which is to: • Aid in financing • Facilitate trade between the United States and other countries

3. Export-Import Bank of the United States (cont.) Ex-Im Bank has three main functions: • Provide guarantees and export credit insurance so that exporters and their bankers give credit to foreign buyers • Provide competitive financing to foreign buyers • Negotiate with other countries to reduce the level of subsidy in export credits

4. Export-Import Bank of the United States (cont.) OECD guidelines on export credits: • A minimum of 15 percent of the contract price to be paid in cash • Maximum repayment term of eight and a half years, with exceptions for poor countries • Minimum interest rates for set periods of up to five, eight and a half, and ten years • Gradual abolition of subsidized interest rates and adjustment of discount rates for aid loans to better reflect market realities • The establishment of related conditions for certain sectors, including agriculture, that are not covered by the guidelines

5. Ex-Im Bank Ex-Im Bank’s financing programs: • Working capital loan guarantees for U.S. exporters • Credit insurance • Guarantees of commercial loans to foreign buyers • Direct loans to foreign purchasers

6. Ex-Im Bank (cont.) Criticism of Ex-Im Bank: • Loans/loan guarantees for projects that harm the environment • The bank’s assistance is largely provided to a small number of large U.S. firms such as Boeing, Bechtel. • Loans to foreign companies have contributed to harm domestic industries.

7. Ex-Im Bank Criteria for Loans and Loan Guarantees • Foreign content policy:Items must be shipped from the United States and the foreign content (cost of foreign components incorporated in the item in the United States) must be less than 50 percent of the total cost to produce the item. • Repayment terms:Repayment usually begins about six months after shipment or project completion, and payments of principal and interest must be made semiannually.

8. Ex-Im Bank Criteria for Loans and Loan Guarantees (cont.) • Scope of coverage:Ex-Im Bank’s loans, guarantees, and intermediate-term insurance cover 85 percent contract price. The foreign buyer is required to make a 15 percent cash payment. • Interest rates and shipping:Interest rates and maximum maturity terms are subject to OECD guidelines.

9. Working Capital Guarantee Program • This enables exporters to meet critical pre-export financing needs, such as inventory build up or marketing. • Ex-Im Bank will guarantee 90 percent of the loan provided by a qualified lender. The guarantee has a maturity of twelve months and is renewable.

10. Increase Borrowing Capacity Under the Ex-Im Bank Working Capital Guarantee Program Table 14.3 Increased Borrowing Capacity under the Ex-Im Bank Working Capital Guarantee Program Working Capital Without Ex-Im Bank Working Capital With Ex-Im Bank Guarantee Collateral Amount Advance Rate Borrowing Base Advance Rate Borrowing Base Export inventory supported by an export order 20% 75% Raw materials 300,000 60,000 225,000 Work in process 300,000 0% 0 75% 225,000 Finished goods 600,000 50% 300,000 75% 450,000 Foreign account receivable (FAC) FAC 500,000 0% 0 90% 450,000 L/C backed account receivable 600,000 70% 420,000 90% 540,000 Total Borrowing Base 780,000 1,890,000

11. Working Capital Guarantee Program (cont.)

12. Export Credit Insurance Program • Short-term single-buyer policies • Short-term multibuyer policies • Small business policy • Small business environmental policy • Financial institution buyer credit policy • The bank letter of credit policy • Financing and operating lease policy

13. Highlights: Export Credit Insurance Program • U.S. contents requirements: The products sold must be produced in the United States. • Restrictions on sales: ECIP may not be provided for exports destined for military applications (with some exceptions) or to communist nations.

14. Guarantees • The program provides repayment protection for private-sector loans to creditworthy buyers of U.S. goods and services. • Special coverage exists for U.S. or foreign lenders on lines of credit extended to foreign banks or foreign buyers.

15. Guarantees (cont.)

16. Credit Guarantee Facility

17. Direct Loan Program • This is an intermediate/long-term loan provided to creditworthy foreign buyers for the purchase of U.S. capital goods and services.

18. Direct Loan Program (cont.)

19. International Trade Loan Program • Guarantees loans to small businesses that are already engaged or plan to engage in international trade as well as those that are adversely affected by import competition

20. Small Business Administration • The SBA provides certain programs for small business exporters. - Export working capital • This guarantees short-term working capital loans to U.S. small business exporters.

21. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) A self-supporting agency of the U.S. government that: • Is owned by U.S. government • Provides insurance for private investment in LDCs (covers currency inconvertibility, expropriation, political violence, etc.) • Provides project financing through loans and loan guarantees • Insures a broad range of risks

22. Private Export Funding Corporation • Owned by private investors • Provides loans to foreign buyers for purchase of U.S. goods and services • To be guaranteed by Ex-Im Bank • Suitable for high cost purchases

23. U.S. Department of Agriculture • The USDA provides financial support for export of U.S. agricultural products through GSM-102, GSM-103, and Public Law 480.

24. State and Local Export Financing Program • States provide different programs to expand exports: loans, loan guarantees. • They also act as delivery agents for Ex-Im Bank programs.