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Unit 5

Unit 5. Pathology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Prefixes dys-, brady-, tachy-, poly-, and syn-. Pathology. path/o/logy = study of disease Especially infectious diseases path/o/genic = causes disease patho/genic organisms = microorganisms that cause infections. Pathogenic Organisms.

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Unit 5

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  1. Unit 5 Pathology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Prefixes dys-, brady-, tachy-, poly-, and syn-

  2. Pathology • path/o/logy = study of disease • Especially infectious diseases • path/o/genic = causes disease • patho/genic organisms = microorganisms that cause infections

  3. Pathogenic Organisms • Microorganisms that have pathogenic forms: • Bacteria • Viruses • Fungi • Parasites

  4. Animation Click Here to Play Infection Control Animation

  5. Bacteria • bacterium = singular form • Generally named for their shape

  6. Bacteria: Cocci • cocc/us = spherically shaped • cocc/i = plural form • Origin • Greek • coccos = grain or seeds

  7. Bacteria: Cocci • Examples: • dipl/o/cocc/i = grow in pairs • strept/o/cocc/i = grow in twisted chains or strips • staphyl/o/cocc/i = grow in clusters • Like grapes

  8. Bacteria: Cocci • Infections caused by cocci: • Meningitis • Mening/o/coccus • Pneumonia • Strept/o/coccus pneumoniae • Gonorrhea • Neisseria gonorrhoeae

  9. Bacteria: Cocci • Infections caused by cocci: • Sore throat • Strept/o/coccus • Effects of staphyl/o/cocci: • Form pus • Cause common form of food poisoning • Cause acne infections

  10. MRSA • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus • Bacterium that causes serious infection • Difficult to treat • Resistant to many antibiotics

  11. Bacteria: Bacilli • bacill/us = rod-shaped bacteria • bacill/i = plural form • Examples: • dipl/o/bacill/us = rod-shaped double bacillus • strept/o/bacill/us = rod-shaped bacillus growing in twisted chains • pneum/p/bacill/us = bacilli that cause pneumonia

  12. Infestations Caused by Organisms • Trichomoniasis • Trichomonas • Moniliasis • Yeast

  13. Infestations Caused by Organisms • Elephantiasis • Filarial worm • Giardia lamblia • Giardiasis

  14. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Bacterial: • Chlamydia • Urogenital infection • Gonorrhea • Syphilis

  15. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Viral: • Hepatitis • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) • Venereal warts

  16. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Parasitic: • Trichomoniasis • Urogenital infection • Lice • Pediculosis pubis • Crabs • Scabies • Mites

  17. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Fungal: • Candidiasis • Yeast infection

  18. Pus • Thick, yellowish fluid consisting of WBCs, bacteria, and tissue debris • Boils and acne infections contain pus • py/o = combining form

  19. Pus • Examples: • py/o/genic = producing or forming pus • Purulent • E.g., pyogenic staphylococci • py/o/rrhea = flow or discharge of pus • py/o/rrhea alveolaris = disease of teeth and gums in which pus discharged • py/o/rrhea salivarius = disease of salivary gland from which there is flow of pus

  20. Pus • Examples: • py/o/cele = hernia containing pus • py/o/thorax = accumulation of pus in thoracic cavity • Can be caused by pneumonia or lung abscess

  21. Otorhinolaryngology • Study and treatment of diseases and disorders of ears, nose, and throat

  22. Ear • ot/o = combining form • Origin • Greek • ot = ear • ot/ic = pertaining to ear • Example: • ot/o/scope = instrument used to examine ear

  23. Structures of the Ear

  24. Ear Conditions • ot/o/rrhea = discharge from ear • Also disease of ear • ot/itismedia = ear discharge, inflammation, and deafness • ot/algia = ear pain • ot/o/dynia = ear pain

  25. Ear • auris sinistra (AS) = left ear • auris dextra (AD) = right ear • auris uterque (AU) = both ears

  26. Eardrum • tympan/o = combining form • tympan/ic = adjectival form • membrana tympani sinistra = left eardrum • membrana tympani dextra = right eardrum

  27. Eardrum • Examples: • tympan/o/tomy = incision into eardrum • tympan/ectomy = removal of eardrum • tympan/o/metry = process of measuring eardrum function

  28. Hearing • audi/o = combining form • Examples: • audi/o/logy = study of hearing • audi/o/log/ist = one who studies and measures hearing and prescribes and fits hearing devices • audi/o/metry = process of measuring hearing • audi/o/gram = record of hearing test

  29. Animation Click Here to Play Hearing Animation

  30. Voice • phon/o = combining form • Examples: • phon/ic = pertaining to voice • phon/o/meter = instrument of measuring intensity of vocal sounds • a/phon/ia = unable to make sounds • dys/phon/ia = weak voice

  31. Speech • phas/o = combining form • -phasia = suffix for speech disorder • Examples: • a/phasia = absence of speech • brady/phasia = slow speech

  32. Nose • rhin/o = combining form • Examples: • rhin/o/rrhea = flow or discharge from nose • rhin/itis = inflammation of nose • rhin/o/tomy = incision of nose • rhin/o/plasty = surgical repair of nose

  33. Prefix: brady- • brady- = slow • Examples: • brady/phag/ia = slowness in eating • Abnormally slow swallowing • brady/cardi/a = abnormally slow heart action • brady/pne/o = slow breathing • pne/o = respiration or breathing

  34. Prefix: tachy- • tachy- = fast • Examples: • tachy/cardi/a = abnormally rapid heartbeat • tachy/o/gram = record of velocity of blood flow • tachy/phagia = fast eating • tachy/pnea = increased rate of respiration • Can be caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide in blood

  35. Prefixes: a- and an- • a- and an- = without • Examples: • a/pnea = cessation of breathing • Caused by low level of carbon dioxide in blood • a/genesis = failure to develop • a/men/o/rrhea = absence of menstruation • a/rrhythm/ia = loss of correct heart rhythm

  36. Prefix: dys- • dys- = painful or difficult • Examples: • dys/phag/ia = difficult swallowing • dys/phon/ia = difficult vocalizing • dys/phas/ia = difficult speaking • dys/lex/ia = difficult reading

  37. Prefix: dys- • Examples: • dys/men/o/rhea = painful or difficult menstruation • dys/rrhythm/ia = irregular or abnormal rhythm • dys/pnea = difficult breathing

  38. Prefix: syn- • syn- = with or together • Examples: • syn/erg/y or syn/erg/ism = working together to create effect greater than separate efforts • syn/erg/etic = muscles working together

  39. Prefix: syn- • Examples: • syn/erg/istic = drugs working together • E.g., Tylenol and codeine for increased pain relief • Alcohol and analgesics not recommended together • Due to increased nervous system depression • syn/dactyl/ism = two or more fingers jointed together • syn/arthr/osis = immoveable joint • syn/arthr/ic = pertaining to immoveable joint

  40. Syndrome • syn/drome = variety of symptoms occurring together • Complete picture of disease • Korsakoff’s syndrome • Signs and symptoms of brain damage brought on by alcoholism

  41. Syndrome • Reye’s syndrome • Post-infection encephalopathy in children linked to acute fever, influenza, or chickenpox

  42. Prodrome • pro/drome = symptom that runs before disease • E.g., sneezes before common cold • pro/drom/al = adjectival form • E.g., rash that precedes papules in chickenpox

  43. Prefix: micro- • micro- = small • Examples: • micro/cyte = very small cell • micro/cyst = very small cyst • Sac containing fluid • micro/cardi/a = condition of having small heart

  44. Prefix: micro- • Examples: • micro/gram = one thousandth of a milligram • One millionth of a gram • micro/surgery = surgery performed on minute structures using microscope and small instruments

  45. Prefix: micro- • micro/cephal/ic = adjectival form • Example: • micro/cephal/us = condition of having very small head • Limits size of brain • Usually results in mental impairment

  46. Prefix: macro- • macro- = large • Examples: • macro/cyte = very large cell • macro/blast = large embryonic cell • macro/cocc/us = very large coccus

  47. Prefix: macro- • Abnormally large body parts: • macro/cephal/us = head • macro/gloss/ia = tongue • macro/tia = ear • macro/rhin/ia = nose • macro/cheil/ia = lips

  48. Prefix: poly- • poly- = too much or too many • Three terms for extra fingers: • poly/dactyl • poly/dactyl/ism • poly/dactyl/ia

  49. Prefix: poly- • poly/dips/ia = excessive thirst • Caused by: • Excessive salt in food • Upset in pituitary secretion • High blood sugar levels with lack of insulin

  50. Alcoholism • dips/o/man/ia = old term for alcoholism • Facts: • Chronic physical and psychological disease • Treatment includes carefully planned withdrawal from alcohol, nutrition, rest, and psychotherapy • Alcoholics Anonymous offers support programs

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