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GEOG 4400: Resource Use

GEOG 4400: Resource Use. Lecture 8 Energy. Energy efficiency. Energy use options reduce energy consumption by changing energy wasting habits improve energy efficiency by using less energy to do the same amount of work Per capita GNP = f( per capita energy use) First law of thermodynamics

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GEOG 4400: Resource Use

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  1. GEOG 4400: Resource Use Lecture 8 Energy

  2. Energy efficiency • Energy use options • reduce energy consumption by changing energy wasting habits • improve energy efficiency by using less energy to do the same amount of work • Per capita GNP = f( per capita energy use) • First law of thermodynamics • Second law of thermodynamics • Entropy • Energy quality vs. Energy task • World energy use vs. GNI per capita • Comparison of U. S. vs. Sweden • Comparison of MDCs vs. LDCs • Energy efficiencies • U. S. energy use by sector

  3. Global Energy Use • World petroleum production and consumption; petroleum flows

  4. Energy Types • Fuel types • Petroleum • Coal • Natural gas • Hydropower • Nuclear • Synthfuelds • Coal gasification • Tar sands • Shale oil- kerogen • Geothermal • Hydrothermal • Geo pressurized • Dry rock

  5. Petroleum

  6. Coal

  7. Natural gas

  8. Hydropower

  9. Nuclear

  10. Synthfuelds

  11. Coal gasification

  12. Tar sands

  13. Shale oil- kerogen

  14. Geothermal

  15. Hydrothermal

  16. Geo pressurized

  17. Dry rock

  18. National Energy Policy • best alternative is to improve efficiency and increase mix of perpetual and renewable sources • capital expenses will limit new energy sources • develop mix of sources rather than one centralized source • decentralize electricity and heat with locally available resources

  19. Nuclear Power • Four reasons why it happened • Atomic Energy Commission said it would be cheap • Should have had high capacity factor (% of time on line) • 25% subsidies for first round with no overruns • U. S. contributed $1 trillion in research and development from 1952-1990 ($9 billion per reactor) • Price-Anderson Act pledged $640 million to cover nuclear mishaps • Chernobyl cost $358 billion and 4 million people impacted (300 immediate deaths) • True cost of nuclear power • 15 cents per kilowatt hour (same as a $247 barrel of oil) • plus 9 cents per kilowatt hour for waste storage and decommissioning

  20. Renewable Energy • Energy sources that are continously available or are replaced relatively rapidly • Hydropower • Tidal power • Wind power • Photovoltaics

  21. Energy Conservation • Alternative sources • Passive solar • Resource recovery • Biomass • Garbage • Agricultural wastes

  22. New Ideas • Amory Lovins • More energy of any kind vs. the right energy to do each task cheaper • reduce energy consumption • walk • bike • wear sweater • use less energy to do the same work • insulation • tune cars • energy efficiency • useless energy to do more work • solar power

  23. Six basic rules • convert to efficient lighting ($30 billion per year in savings) • eliminate pure waste • passive solar design • efficiency improvements for lights, motors, appliances, and smelters • industrial cogeneration, small hydro, wind power, solar cells • new central power

  24. True cost of power includes military in Persian Gulf ($485 per barrel)

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