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Workshop for Programming And Systems Management Teachers

Workshop for Programming And Systems Management Teachers. Chapter 3 Introduction to Media Computation, Java, and DrJava. Learning Goals. Understand at a conceptual level What can computers do? What is DrJava? What are Java math and conditional operators?

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Workshop for Programming And Systems Management Teachers

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  1. Workshop for Programming And Systems Management Teachers Chapter 3 Introduction to Media Computation, Java, and DrJava Georgia Institute of Technology

  2. Learning Goals • Understand at a conceptual level • What can computers do? • What is DrJava? • What are Java math and conditional operators? • What can computers do better than humans? • What can humans do better than computers? • What is media computation? • How do digital pictures work? • How do digital sounds work? Georgia Institute of Technology

  3. What Can Computers Do? • Basically they can • Add, subtract, multiply, divide • Compare values • Move data • They are amazingly fast • Millions to billions of instructions per second • They can store a huge amount of data • Entire movies, photo albums, dictionaries, encyclopedias, complex games • They keep getting faster, cheaper, and smaller Georgia Institute of Technology

  4. Math Operators in Java (+ * / - %) • Addition 3 + 4 • Multiplication 3 * 4 • Division 3 / 4 • Subtraction 3 – 4 • Negation -4 • Modulo (Remainder) 10 % 2 and 11 % 2 Georgia Institute of Technology

  5. Math Operators Exercise • Open DrJava and do the following in the interactions pane • Subtract 7 from 9 • Add 7 to 3 • Divide 3 by 2 • Divide 4.6 by 2 • Multiply 5 by 10 • Find the remainder when you divide 10 by 3 Georgia Institute of Technology

  6. Why is the result of 3 / 4 zero? • Java is a strongly typed language • Each value has a type associated with it • Tells the computer how to interpret the number • It is an integer, floating point, letter, etc • The compiler determines the type if it isn’t specified (literals) • 3 is an integer • 3.0 is a floating point number (has a fractional part) • The result of an operation is in the same type as the operands • 3 and 4 are integers so the answer is an integer 0 Georgia Institute of Technology

  7. Casting • There are other ways to solve the problem of 3 / 4 has a result of 0 • You can make one of the values floating point by adding .0 • 3.0 / 4 • 3 / 4.0 • The result type will then be floating point • Or you can cast one of the values to the primitive types: float or double • (double) 3 / 4 • 3 / (float) 4 Georgia Institute of Technology

  8. Casting Exercise • Use casting to get the values right for a temperature conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius • Celsius is 5/9 * (Fahrenheit – 32) • Try it first with a calculator • Try it in DrJava without casting • Try it in DrJava with casting Georgia Institute of Technology

  9. Java Primitive Types • Integers (numbers without fractional parts) are represented by • The types: int or short or long • 235, -2, 33992093, etc • Floating point numbers (numbers with fractional parts) are represented by • The types: double or float • 3.233038983 -423.9, etc • A single character is represented by • The type: char • ‘a’ ‘b’ ‘A’ etc • True and false values are represented by • The type: boolean • true or false Georgia Institute of Technology

  10. Why so Many Different Types? • They take up different amounts of space • They have different precisions • Usually use int, double, and boolean • byte uses 8 bits (1 byte) 2’s compliment • short uses 16 bits (2 bytes) 2’s compliment • int uses 32 bits (4 bytes) 2’s compliment • long uses 64 bits (8 bytes) 2’s compliment • float uses 32 bits (4 bytes) IEEE 754 • double uses 64 bits (8 bytes) IEEE 754 • char uses 16 bits (2 bytes) Unicode format Georgia Institute of Technology

  11. 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits Sizes of Primitive Types byte short int long float double char Georgia Institute of Technology

  12. Floating Point Numbers • Numbers with a fractional part • 6170.20389 • Stored as binary numbers in scientific notation -52.202 is -.52202 x 102 • The sign (1 bit) • The digits in the number (mantissa) • The exponent (8 bits) • Two types • float – 6-7 significant digits accuracy • double – 14-15 significant digits accuracy Georgia Institute of Technology

  13. Operator Order • The default evaluation order is • Negation - • Multiplication * • Division / • Modulo (remainder) % • Addition + • Subtraction - • The default order can be changed • By using parenthesis • (3 + 4) * 2 versus 3 + 4 * 2 Georgia Institute of Technology

  14. Math Operator Order Exercise • Try 2 + 3 * 4 + 5 • Add parentheses to make it clear what is happening first • How do you change it so that 2 + 3 happens first? • How do you change it so that it multiplies the result of 2 + 3 and the result of 4 + 5? Georgia Institute of Technology

  15. Printing Output to the Console • One of the things you often want to do in a program is output the value of something • In Java the way to print to the console is to use • System.out.println(thing to be printed); • To print the thing in the parentheses and a new line • System.out.print(thing to be printed); • To print just the thing in the parentheses Georgia Institute of Technology

  16. Console Output Exercise • Use System.out.println() to print the results of expression to the console • System.out.println(3 * 28) • System.out.println(14 – 7) • System.out.println(10 / 2) • System.out.println(128 + 234) • System.out.println(“Hi “ + “There”); • Try using System.out.print() instead • What is the difference? Georgia Institute of Technology

  17. Strings • Java has a type called: String • A string is an object that has a sequence of characters in Unicode • It can have no characters (the null string “”) • It can have many characters • “This is one long string with spaces in it.” • Java knows how to add strings • It returns a new string with the characters of the second string after the characters of the first Georgia Institute of Technology

  18. Methods • Classes in Java define methods • Recipes or functions f(x) = x2 • May take input • May produce an output • Two Types • Object method • Sent as a message to an object • Implicitly passed the current object • Class method • Sent as a message to a class Georgia Institute of Technology

  19. Method Exercise • In DrJava’s interaction pane try these • Object methods • "HI".toLowerCase() • "This is a string".indexOf("is") • " This is ".trim() • Class methods • Math.abs(13) • Math.abs(-13) • Math.min(3,4) • Character.getNumericValue('A') Georgia Institute of Technology

  20. Common Errors • Did you make any mistakes when you typed in the examples? • If you use the wrong case it won’t work > math.abs(-3) Error: Undefined class 'math‘ • If you misspell something it won’t work > Mat.abs(-3) Error: Undefined class 'Mat‘ > Math.ab(-3) Error: No 'ab' method in 'java.lang.Math' Georgia Institute of Technology

  21. “Hi” is a String Object • The compiler turns literal strings into string objects • Objects of the String class • Object methods are invoked by sending a message • with the same name as the method • the same type, number, and order of input parameters • to the object Georgia Institute of Technology

  22. API Exercise • The Classes defined as part of the Java language are documented in the API • http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/api/ • Find the documentation for the following classes • String and Math • Find documentation for the methods used in the previous exercise • Try out some other methods for these classes Georgia Institute of Technology

  23. Java Packages • Java groups related classes into packages • Common Packages • java.lang • Contains basic classes for the language • System, Math, Object, … • java.io • Contains classes for input and output • java.awt • Contains basic user interface classes • javax.swing • Contains more advanced user interface classes Georgia Institute of Technology

  24. Class Methods versus Object Methods • In the API documentation how can you tell which are class methods and which are object methods? • Look for the keyword static on the method • If it has the keyword static then it is a class method • If there is no keyword static then it is an object method Georgia Institute of Technology

  25. What do Objects Look Like? • Objects are created with space for their data • Objects have a reference to the object that represents the class • Object of the class “Class” Fries: Food Waffles: Food Name = “Fries” Price = 1.99 Name =“Waffles” Price = 2.99 Food : Class Name = Food Fields = Name, Price Methods = getName, setName, getPrice, setPrice, getCalories Georgia Institute of Technology

  26. Java is Case Sensitive • Some programming languages are case sensitive • Meaning that double isn’t the same as Double • Or string isn’t the same as String • In Java primitive types are all lowercase • double, float, int, • Class names start with an uppercase letter • So String and System are the names of classes Georgia Institute of Technology

  27. Java Naming Conventions • In Java only Class names start with an uppercase letter • System, BufferedImage, Picture • All other names start with lowercase letters but uppercase the first letter of each additional word • picture, fileName, thisIsALongName Georgia Institute of Technology

  28. A Semicolon (;) ends a Statement • Java programs are made up of statements • Like sentences in English • Java statements end in a semicolon not a period • The period is used to send a message to an object • System.out.println() • Or access data in the object • System.out.println() • DrJava prints the result of statements without a semicolon • but not the result of statements with a semicolon • Use System.out.println(); to force output Georgia Institute of Technology

  29. Message Always Have Parenthesis • You can tell that out.println() is sending a message • Because of the () • Messages always have () • Even if there are no parameters (arguments) • If you are sending data along with a message it goes inside the parentheses • Separated by commas • Math.min(3,4); Georgia Institute of Technology

  30. Greater than > 4 > 3 is true 3 > 3 is false 3 > 4 is false Less than < 2 < 3 is true 3 < 2 is false Equal == 3 == 3 is true 3 == 4 is false Not equal != 3 != 4 is true 3 != 3 is false Greater than or equal >= 3 >= 4 is true 3 >= 3 is true 2 >= 4 is false Less than or equal <= 2 <= 3 is true 2 <= 2 is true 4 <= 2 is false Comparison (Relational) Operators Georgia Institute of Technology

  31. Comparison Operators Exercise • In DrJava • Try out the comparison operators in the interactions pane • with numbers • 3 < 4 • 4 <= 4 • 5 < 4 • 6 == 6.0 • with characters (single alphabet letter) • Put single quote around a character • ‘a’ < ‘b’ • ‘b’ < ‘a’ • ‘a’ == ‘a’ Georgia Institute of Technology

  32. Why Do Computers Keep Getting Cheaper? • The number of transistors (a major component of processors) at the same price doubles every 18 months • making computers faster, smaller, and cheaper over time • This notion is know as Moore’s Law • For Gordon Moore, a founder of Intel • This “Law” has held true for decades • And is predicted to hold true at least one more Georgia Institute of Technology

  33. What are Computers Good At? • Producing the same answer every time • Like calculating the sum of hundreds of numbers • Computer don’t tire of tedious tasks • Storing information • They don’t forget information • Looking up information quickly • Search through a phone book to find the customer name for a phone number Georgia Institute of Technology

  34. What are People Good At? • Being Creative • Computers can only do what they are programmed to do • Doing Visual Processing • Reading someone else’s handwriting • Recognizing a face very quickly • Understanding Natural Language • Understanding a variety of speakers • Even if I never heard them speak before Georgia Institute of Technology

  35. What is Media Computation? • Processing millions to billions of • picture elements • sound fragments • movie frames • The speed and storage capacity of modern computers makes this possible • Even for beginning students just learning to program Georgia Institute of Technology

  36. How Does Color Vision Work? • Our eyes and brain work together to make sense of what we see • The cones in our eyes are what allow us to see in color • The rods allow us to see black, white, and shades of gray • Our cones are sensitive to red, green, and blue light • All other colors are combinations of these Georgia Institute of Technology

  37. Red, Green and Blue Light • White light is a combination of red, green, and blue • Full intensity red, green, and blue combined • Black is the absence of all light • No red, green or blue light • All other colors are combinations • Of red, green, and blue • Of different intensities Georgia Institute of Technology

  38. Color Exercise • Start DrJava • In the interactions pane type • ColorChooser.pickAColor(); • Click on the RGB tab and move the sliders to change the intensity of red, green, and blue • Make white, black, red, blue, green, yellow, violet, and orange Georgia Institute of Technology

  39. How do Digital Cameras Work? • There are red, green, and blue filters that capture the amount of each color at a position • A part of a grid • There are many positions • picture element or pixel • 640 x 480 is low resolution • 1600 x 1200 is high resolution • The more pixels the better the picture • Can enlarge it without it looking grainy Georgia Institute of Technology

  40. How do Computer Displays Work? • A display has pixels (picture elements) • Each pixel has a red, green, and blue component • Combinations of red, green, and blue give the resulting color • Black is 0 red, 0 green and 0 blue • White is 255 red, 255 green, 255 blue Georgia Institute of Technology

  41. Pictures are made up of Pixels • Digital cameras record light at pixels • Monitors display pictures using pixels • Our limited vision acuity helps us to see the discrete pixels as a smooth picture • If we blow up the picture we can see the pixels Georgia Institute of Technology

  42. Digital Pictures • Capture the intensity of the red, green, and blue colors at each pixel • Stored as a bunch of numbers • 8 bits for red, 8 bits for green, 8 bits for blue • Need nearly 1 million bytes to store a 640 x 480 picture • Need 3 million bytes to store an image from a 1 megapixel (million pixel) camera • Displayed as red, green, and blue colors on the computer display • Lots of them close together • Our brain sees a smooth color image Georgia Institute of Technology

  43. Picking a File Name • Use the class method pickAFile() on our FileChooser class to pick a file > System.out.println(FileChooser.pickAFile()) • Look for a file that holds a digital picture • .jpg or .gif • Look for a file that holds a digital sound • .wav or .aif or .aiff or .au • The result might look like • C:\intro-prog-java\mediasources\cat.jpg Georgia Institute of Technology

  44. Parts of a File Name • Path separators ‘\’ • Path – where on the hard disk the file is • C:\intro-prog-java\mediasources\ • Base file name • cat.jpg • File extension • .jpg Georgia Institute of Technology

  45. Creating Objects • Remember that a class is a factory that creates objects of that class • We ask a class to create an object by using the keyword: newClassName • We also ask the class to initialize the object • And pass data to help initialize it Georgia Institute of Technology

  46. Creating a Picture Object • A picture needs data to use to create the picture • One way to create it is to give it the full path name of the file to read the data from • We know how to get the full path name • Using FileChooser.pickAFile() > System.out.println(new Picture(FileChooser.pickAFile())) Picture, filename C:\intro-prog-java\mediasources\partFlagSmall.jpg height 217 width 139 Georgia Institute of Technology

  47. Where is the Picture? • When you printed the result of • new Picture(FileChooser.pickAFile()) • You got the file name, width, and height • So it looks like a picture object was created • But, where is the picture? • To get it to display send the picture object the message “show()” • new Picture(FileChooser.pickAFile()).show() Georgia Institute of Technology

  48. How did that work? • The expression inside the parentheses is evaluated first • FileChooser.pickAFile() • This returns the full path name of a file as a String object • “C:\intro-prog-java\mediasources\cat.jpg” • Next the Picture class was asked to create and initialize a new object • using the full path name of the file as the place to read the picture data from • new Picture(“C:\intro-prog-java\mediasources\cat.jpg”) • Then we asked the new picture object to show itself • pictureObject.show() Georgia Institute of Technology

  49. Naming the Results • Another way to do the same thing is to name each of the results • Gives us a way to refer to the result again • Makes it easier to understand • In Java we must give a type when we create a new name • This is called declaring a variable • Type name; or • Type name = something; Georgia Institute of Technology

  50. Assignment Exercise • Try some integer calculations using the assignment operator (‘=‘) int x = 3; int y =4; int z; z = x + y; // assign z to be x + y System.out.println(z); System.out.println(x); System.out.println(y); Georgia Institute of Technology

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