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Evidence and Reasoning

Evidence and Reasoning. What are Content Premises?. Premises in Persuasion rely on: Success or failure of any argument or claim relies on:. Content Premises. Cause effect reasoning –. Types of Evidence. Dramatic Evidence Narratives – Testimony – Anecdotes – Rational Evidence.

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Evidence and Reasoning

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  1. Evidence and Reasoning

  2. What are Content Premises? • Premises in Persuasion rely on: • Success or failure of any argument or claim relies on:

  3. Content Premises • Cause effect reasoning –

  4. Types of Evidence • Dramatic Evidence • Narratives – • Testimony – • Anecdotes – • Rational Evidence

  5. Types of Reasoning • Cause to effect reasoning • Effect to cause reasoning – • Reasoning from symptoms –Criteria to application reasoning – • Reasoning from analogy or comparison-

  6. Types of Reasoning • Deductive Reasoning – • Inductive reasoning –

  7. Common Fallacies • “Fallacy”* – • Ad hominem: • Ad populum: • The undistributed middle: *Source: Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 10th edition

  8. Common Fallacies • The straw man argument: • Post Hoc, ergo propter hoc:

  9. The Toulmin Format • Stephen Toulmin developed a format for everyday logical persuasion saying any logical argument has 3 parts: • Claim – • Data – • Warrant –

  10. APA Style

  11. In-text Citation • Provide the author’s last name and the date of publication. Similarly, Rogers’ (1995) diffusion theory shows that, without successful policy initiatives, the existing socio economic status of different segments of people will structure the diffusion of technological innovations. For example, in studying the Sesame Street effect, researchers showed that children from higher socio-economic status achieve more educationally than children from lower socio-economic status even in similar educational settings (Attewell and Battle,1999).

  12. In-text Citation • When there is no author / date 1. No author: mention the title of the document According to a BBC article, chimpanzees at sites in West Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda exhbit culture-specific patterns of behavior when grooming one another (“Chimps,” 1999) 2. No date: use the abbreviation “n.d.” Attempts to retrun sign-language-using apes to the wild have had mixed results (Smith, n.d.)

  13. Reference Style Guideline 1. Book, single author Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities. New York: Verso. 2. Book, multiple authors Strunk, W. & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style. New York: Macmillan. 3. Book chapter, from edited book Roll, W.P. (1976). ESP and memory. In J. M. Wheatly & H. L. Edge (Eds.). Philosophical dimensions of parapsychology (pp. 154-184). Springfield, IL: American Psychiatric Press.

  14. Reference Style Guideline 4. Journal article Bucy, E. & Gregson, K. (2001). Media participation: A legitimizing mechanism of mass democracy, New Media and Society, 3, 357-380. 5. Magazine Article Shea, R. H. (2002, October 28). E-learning today. U.S. News & World Report, 133, 54-56. 6. Articles from an online periodical (Internet articles based on a print source) Ways, J. (2000). Power elite. [Electronic version]. Social science research, 29, 535-555.

  15. Reference Style Guideline 7. Articles from an Internet only journal VandenBos, G. (2001). Trend in deliberation research. Journal of Public Deliberation. Retrieved March 28, 2006, from http://www.osu.edu/~sj/~deliberation. 8. Non-periodical Internet document Cain, A. P. (1999, April). Investigation of the use of mobile phones while driving. Retrieved March 30, 2006, from http://www.cutr.eng.usf.edu/its/mobile. 9. Motion picture, television broadcasts, etc. Soderbergh, S. (Director). (2000). Traffic [Motion picture]. United States: Gramercy Pictures.

  16. Participation Assignment

  17. Researching Online

  18. Research Assignment • In one typed, single-spaced page: • List at least five sources in APA format presented in Hacker • Under each source, write a one paragraph annotation in which you briefly describe what information the source contains and how it is relevant to your topic (e.g., if it is relevant to developing the exigency argument, explain what points in your argument are supported by the source). In one sentence, indicate why you think the source is credible, especially for your audience. • One reference must be from an academic journal

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