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MDPI/GIG OIL AND GAS TRAINING DRILLING FOR TECHNICIANS

MDPI/GIG OIL AND GAS TRAINING DRILLING FOR TECHNICIANS . Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute. Drilling For Technicians. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Course Objectives Origin and Nature of Petroleum Petroleum Exploration

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MDPI/GIG OIL AND GAS TRAINING DRILLING FOR TECHNICIANS

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  1. MDPI/GIG OIL AND GAS TRAINING DRILLING FOR TECHNICIANS Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  2. Drilling For Technicians TABLE OF CONTENTS • Course Objectives • Origin and Nature of Petroleum • Petroleum Exploration • The Search for Oil • Drilling Facilities • Well Types • Oil rig Systems • Drilling Process • Completing the Well • Drilling Problems • Drilling Career and Opportunities Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  3. Drilling For Technicians Course Objectives The course is designed to introduce participants to the drilling process, equipment and opportunities in the oil and gas industry. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  4. Origin and Nature ofPetroleum Drilling For Technicians Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute • Petroleum is formed from the organic remains of marine organisms which became entrained within sea-floor sediments. Petroleum is the generic name for group of hydrocarbons including oil, gas, coal, etc.

  5. Oil Well (Typical) Drilling For Technicians Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  6. Drilling For Technicians Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute The Search for Oil - Exploration The task of finding oil is assigned to geophysics and geologists. They look for the right conditions for an oil trap -- the right source rock, reservoir rock and entrapment using satellite images and also some of the following methods: • Gravity meters to measure tiny changes in the earth's gravitational field that could indicate flowing oil,

  7. Drilling For Technicians Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute The Search for Oil - Exploration (Cont’d) • Magnetometers to measure tiny changes in the earth's magnetic field caused by flowing oil. • Electronic noses called sniffers to detect the smell of hydrocarbons. • Most commonly used is seismology,ie. creating shock waves that pass through hidden rock layers and interpreting the waves that are reflected back to the surface.

  8. Drilling For Technicians Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute The Search for Oil - Exploration (Cont’d) In seismic surveys, a shock wave is created by the Compressed-air gun, Thumper truck or Explosives. The shock waves travel beneath the surface of the earth and are reflected back by the various rock layers. The reflections travel at different speeds depending upon the type or density of rock layers through which they pass. The reflections of the shock waves are detected by sensitive microphones or vibration detectors -- hydrophones over water, or seismometers over land. The readings are interpreted by seismologists for signs of oil and gas traps.

  9. Searching for oil over water using seismology Drilling For Technicians Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  10. Petroleum Exploration (Facilities) Drilling For Technicians Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  11. Drilling For Technicians Jubilee Development Drilling(Eirik Raude semi-submersible rig). Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  12. Offshore Operations Drilling For Technicians • Offshore operationsare fundamentally the same as onshore operations with the major difference being in the complexity of the drilling sites and hence their costs. Offshore facilities are self-contained semi-permanent structures from which many wells are drilled and completed. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  13. Drilling For Technicians Drilling Geometries • Wells can be drilled in a number of different geometries from the simplest vertical wells to directional wells and complicated multilateral completions. • Directional drilling technology allows the industry to access deposits that would otherwise be inaccessible. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  14. Drilling For Technicians Drilling Geometries Directional Drilling Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  15. Directional Drilling Drilling For Technicians Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute • Advances in horizontal drilling have enhanced directional drilling as a means of concentrating operations at one site and reducing the ‘footprint’ on land and the number of platforms offshore. • The technology now enables access to a reservoir up to several kilometres from the drill rig. It also allows for more flexibility in selecting a drill site, especially where environmental concerns are raised.

  16. Types of Wells Drilling For Technicians Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute There are three main types of conventional wells. The most common are: • Oil Wells: Oil wells with associated gas. • Natural Gas Wells: Natural gas wells are drilled specifically for natural gas and contain little or no oil.

  17. Types of Wells (Cont’d) Drilling For Technicians Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute • Condensate Wells: Contain natural gas as well as a liquid. Condensate is a liquid hydrocarbon mixture that is often separated from the natural gas either at the wellhead or during the processing of the natural gas. Depending on the type of well that is being drilled, completion may differ slightly. Natural gas, being lighter than air, rises to the surface of a well.

  18. Drilling Process Drilling For Technicians • Drilling of the well commences after seismic investigations have been completed. Normally, dedicated drilling rigs either on mobile onshore units or offshore floating rigs are used. • Larger production platforms may also have their own production drilling equipment. • The main components of the drilling rig are the derrick, floor, draw works, drive and mud handling unit. The control and power can be hydraulic or electric. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  19. Drilling For Technicians Oil Rig Systems Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  20. Drilling For Technicians The Rotary Drilling Rig • The rotary drilling rig uses a drill bit to cut through the earth. As the hole gets deeper, sections of drill pipes are added to the drill bit to form the drill stringthatis connected to the engine that turns the drill bit to cut the hole. Rotary rig’s operation is similar to that of the domestic hand-held electric drill. • There are four main operations in a drilling rig: hoisting, rotating, circulating, and power. The hoisting system is used to raise and lower pipe in and out of the hole, and to support the drill string to control the weight on the drill bit during drilling. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  21. Drilling For Technicians Hoisting System • The hoisting system consists of the derrick, travelling and crown blocks, the drilling line, and the drawworks. The derrick is a steel tower that supports the travelling and crown blocks, the drill bit and pipe (drill string). Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  22. Drilling For Technicians Hoisting System (Cont’d) • The crown (stationary) and travelling blocks are a set of pulleys that use interconnected steel cables to raise and lower the drill string. The crown block is a stationary pulley located at the top of the derrick.   • The cable is connected to a winch or drawworks that contain a large drum around which the drilling cable is wrapped. As the drum rotates one way or the other, the drilling cable spools on or off the drum and raises or lowers the drill string. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  23. Drilling For Technicians Rotating Equipment • The rotating equipment that turns the drilling bit consists of the swivel, the kelly, the rotary table, drill pipe, drill collars, and the bit. The swivel is attached to the bottom of the traveling block and permits the drill string to rotate. The kelly is a square or hexagonal shaped section of pipe that is attached to the swivel. The rotation of the rotary table turns the kelly which in turn rotates the drill string and the drill bit. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  24. Drilling For Technicians Rotary workers with drill pipe Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  25. Drilling For Technicians Rotating Equipment (Cont’d) • Drilling pipe is round steel tubes about 30 feet (9m) long with a diameter of from 4 to 5 inches. The drill collars are used to add weight on the bit. Drill pipes have threaded connections on each end that allow the pipes to be joined together to form longer sections as the hole gets deeper. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  26. Rotating Equipment (Cont’d) Drilling For Technicians • The drilling bit is used to create the hole. Different drilling bits are used depending on the type of rock that is encountered.  The most common drill bits are roller cone bits and diamond bits, and are about six inches in diameter. Roller cone bits have three cones containing rows of teeth. The cones rotate on bearings and turn as the drilling bit rotates. The teeth cut and crush the rock to create the hole.   Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  27. Rotating Equipment (Cont’d) Drilling For Technicians • Diamond bits have a single fixed head that contains many small diamonds. As the bit turns the diamonds cut the rock. • Drill bits have small nozzles that spray drilling fluids to remove the rock fragments from the bottom of the hole. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  28. Drilling For Technicians Diamond Studded Drill Bits Source: Sandia National Laboratory (left), DOE - National Energy Technology Laboratory Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  29. Drilling For Technicians Mud circulation in the hole Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  30. Drilling For Technicians Circulating System • Drilling operations use fluids (drilling mud) to reduce friction and remove rock fragments or cuttings. The mud is mixed in the tanks and the circulating system pumps the drilling fluids through a hose to the swivel, down the kelly and drill pipe, and out of the nozzles in the drilling bit. The fluid then returns to the surface through the space between the outside of the drill string and the inside of the hole. At the surface the debris is separated from the fluid. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  31. Circulating System(Cont’d) Drilling For Technicians • The cuttings are separated from the mud in a vibrating screen called a shale shaker. • Drilling mud is a mixture of water, clay, and special minerals and chemicals. Different muds are used during the drilling process to adjust to rock formations, temperature, and pressure. Drilling mud removes cuttings from the hole, cools and lubricates the drilling bit and maintains pressure in the hole to keep formation fluids from entering the hole and intermingling with oil/gas production. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  32. Circulating System (Cont’d) Drilling For Technicians Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  33. Drilling For Technicians • Power System • Power for the drilling rig comes from two or more diesel engines and/or locally generated electricity. • Blowout Preventer (BOP) • They consist of a series of very powerful valves that are expected to close under pressure to stop the flow of petroleum, even in an emergency. • With onshore installations, the BOP sits under the drilling rig floor at the top of the surface casing. Offshore, the BOP is either above the water on the drilling rig platform or at the sea bed at the mud line. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  34. Drilling For Technicians Blowout Preventer This BOP configuration is typical for a well drilled with a hole size greater than 4-in. diameter. (Schlumberger) Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  35. The Oil Drilling Process Drilling For Technicians The rig is set up and from the starter hole, the team drills a surface hole down to a pre-set depth, above where the oil trap is located. The five basic steps for drilling the surface hole are: • Place the drill bit, collar and drill pipe in the hole. • Attach the kelly and turntable, and begin drilling. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  36. The Oil Drilling Process (Cont’d) Drilling For Technicians • As drilling progresses, circulate mud through the pipe and out of the bit to float the rock cuttings out of the hole. • Add new sections (joints) of drill pipes as the hole gets deeper. • Remove (trip out) the drill pipe, collar and bit when the pre-set depth is reached. • Run and cement the casing to the pre-set depth, ie place casing-pipe sections into the hole to prevent it from collapsing in on itself. The casing pipe has spacers around the outside to keep it centred in the hole. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  37. Wire Line Logging Drilling For Technicians • Logging provides the means for using electrical instruments to measure formation properties and determine characteristics of the rock strata for drilling and production decisions. • The logging equipment, called Sonde, is lowered into the borehole to measure, e.g. resistivity and conductivity at various frequencies etc. The data is recorded on a long strip of paper, called The Log. • With Logging While Drilling (LWD), measurements are taken by embedded tools near bottom hole assembly as drilling proceeds downwards Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  38. Drilling For Technicians Well Completion • When the well is drilled and confirmed that commercially viable quantities of hydrocarbon are present for extraction, the well must be 'completed' to allow for the flow of hydrocarbons out of the formation and up to the surface. The process includes strengthening the well hole with casing, evaluating the pressure and temperature of the formation, and installing the wellhead and lifting equipment or treating the formation to ensure an efficient flow of oil or natural gas out of the well. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  39. Drilling For Technicians Well Completion (Cont’d) Well Casing consists of a series of metal tubes installed in the drilled hole. Casing strengthens the sides of the well hole, ensures that no oil or natural gas seeps out of the well hole as it is brought to the surface, and keeps other fluids or gases from seeping into the formation through the well. It is also instrumental in preventing blowouts, allowing the formation to be 'sealed' from the top should dangerous pressure levels be reached. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  40. Drilling For Technicians Well Completion (Cont’d) The type of casing used depends on the subsurface characteristics of the well, including the diameter of the well and the pressures and temperatures experienced throughout the well.  The diameter of the well hole depends on the size of the drill bit used.   Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  41. Well Completion(Cont’d) Drilling For Technicians There are five different types of well casing. They include: • Conductor Casing • Surface Casing • Intermediate Casing • Liner String • Production Casing Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  42. Well Completion (Cont’d) Drilling For Technicians Conductor Casing Conductor casing is installed first, usually prior to the arrival of the drilling rig. It is installed to prevent the top of the well from caving in and to help in the process of circulating the drilling fluid up from the bottom of the well. The conductor casing is cemented into place before drilling begins. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  43. Well Completion (Cont’d) Drilling For Technicians Surface Casing Surface casing is installed inside the top of the conductor casing. It is smaller in diameter than the conductor casing and can be a few hundred to about 2000 feet long. The primary purpose of surface casing is to protect fresh water deposits near the surface of the well from being contaminated by leaking hydrocarbons or salt water from deeper underground. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  44. Well Completion (Cont’d) Drilling For Technicians Surface Casing It also serves as a conduit for drilling mud returning to the surface, and helps protect the drill hole from being damaged during drilling. Surface casing, like conductor casing, is cemented into place. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  45. Well Completion (Cont’d) Drilling For Technicians Intermediate Casing Intermediate casing is usually the longest section of casing found in a well. The primary purpose of intermediate casing is to minimize the hazards that come along with subsurface formations that may affect and contaminate the well, eg. abnormal underground pressure zones, shale, salt water and formations that might otherwise contaminate the well, such as underground salt-water deposits. These intermediate casing areas are also cemented into place for added protection. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  46. Well Completion (Cont’d) Drilling For Technicians Liner Strings Liner strings are sometimes used instead of intermediate casing. They are run from the bottom of another casing to the open well area, and are usually attached to the previous casing with 'hangers', instead of being cemented into place. This type of casing is thus less permanent than intermediate casing. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  47. Well Completion (Cont’d) Drilling For Technicians Production Casing Production casing, also called the 'oil string' or 'long string,’ is installed last and is the deepest section of casing in a well. The production casing runs to the bottom of the hole or stops just above the production zone and is perforated. Perforation is the process of piercing the casing wall and the cement behind it to provide openings through which formation fluids enter the wellbore. The production casing provides a conduit from the surface of the well to the petroleum-producing formation and completely seals off the producing formation from water aquifers. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  48. Drilling For Technicians Well Completion (Cont’d) THE WELL Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  49. Well Completion (Cont’d) Drilling For Technicians Tubing and Packers • After cementing the production casing, a final string of pipe called the tubing, about 1 to 4-1/2 inches, is run within the casing. The well fluids flow from the reservoir to the surface through the tubing. • A packer which is a ring made of metal and rubber is fitted around the tubing to provide a secure seal, keep well fluids and pressure away from the casing, thereby forcing the formation fluids into and up the tubing. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

  50. Well Completion (Cont’d) Drilling For Technicians • Lifting and Well Treatment Once the well is completed with the christmas tree, the hydrocarbons that exist in pressurized formations may naturally rise up through the well to the surface without the need for any lifting equipment or well treatment. When that does not happen, then lifting and/or well treatment is required. Management Development and Petroleum Skills Productivity Institute Development Institute

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