I have chosen not to include as an example the third person English personal pronoun “one.”

1. I have chosen not to include as an example the third person English personal pronoun “one.” I see no pedagogical point in dealing with it. I just hope some pretentious moron in Section 1 doesn’t try to point this out as an “error” on my part.

2. Pronouns Personal (I, me, he, she, it, you, we, us, they, them) Demonstrative (this, that, these, those) Possessive (mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs) etc.

3. The Personal Pronouns 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Sing. [M.] [F.] [N.] N ego(I)tu(you)is(he)ea(she)id(it) G meī(of me)tuī(of you)eius(of him/her/it) D mihi(to/for me)tibi(to/for you)eī(to/for him/her/it) Acc. mē(me)tē(you)eum(him)eam(her)id(it) Abl. mē(b/w/f me) tē(b/w/f you)eō(b/w/f him) eā(b/w/f her)eō(b/w/f it) Pl. N nōs(we)vōs(you)iī/ eī(they)eae(they)ea(they) G nostrī/vestrī/ eōrum eārum eōrum nostrum(of us)vestrum(of you) (of them) (of them) (of them) D nōbīs(to/for us)vōbīs(to/for you) eīs (to/for them) Acc. nōs(us)vōs(you) eōs (them) eās (them) ea (them) Abl. nōbīs(b/w/f us)vōbīs(b/w/f you) eīs (to/for them)

4. The 1st and 2nd person personal pronouns may also be used REFLEXIVELY, i.e., to refer to the subject of the sentence. In English the reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves

5. The Reflexive Pronouns 1st person 2nd person Sing. N --------- --------- G meī(of myself)tuī(of yourself) D mihi(to/for myself)tibi(to/for yourself) Acc. mē(myself)tē(yourself) Abl. mē(b/w/f myself) tē(b/w/f yourself) Pl. N --------- --------- G nostrī (of ourselves)vestrī (of yourselves) D nōbīs(to/for ourselves)vōbīs(to/for yourselves) Acc. nōs(ourselves)vōs(yourselves) Abl. nōbīs(b/w/f ourselves)vōbīs(b/w/f yourselves)

6. Examples: Nunc philosophiae mē dābō. Now I will give myself to philosophy. Nunc philosophiam mihi dābō Now I will give philosophy to myself. Saepe nōs terrēmus. We often scare ourselves. Dē vōbīs sōlīs cogitābātis. You were thinking about yourselves only. Tū id fēcistī prō tē. You did it for the sake of yourself. Tē laudās propter amōrem tuī. You praise yourself because of love of yourself.

7. For the 3rd person, Latin uses a reflexive pronoun which is different from the 3rd person personal pronoun is, ea, id. Unlike is, ea, id, this pronoun does not change according to the gender of the antecedent to which it refers.

8. The Reflexive Pronouns 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Sing. N --------- --------- --------- G meī(of myself)tuī(of yourself) suī(of him-, her-, or itself) D mihi(to/for myself)tibi(to/for yourself)sibi (to/for him-, her-, or itself) Acc. mē(myself)tē(yourself)sē (himself, herself, itself) Abl. mē(b/w/f myself) tē(b/w/f yourself) sē (b/w/f him-/her-/it-self) Pl. N --------- --------- --------- G nostrī (of ourselves)vestrī (of yourselves) suī(of themselves) D nōbīs(to/for ourselves)vōbīs(to/for yourselves) sibi (to/for themselves) Acc. nōs(ourselves)vōs(yourselves) sē (themselves) Abl. nōbīs(b/w/f ourselves)vōbīs(b/w/f yourselves) sē (b/w/f themselves)

9. Examples: Virgō eum nimis amat. The girl loves him too much. Virgō sē nimis amat. The maiden loves herself too much.. Semper audiēbat laudem eius. He was always hearing praise of her. Semper audiēbat laudem suī. He was always hearing praise of himself. Eīs perīculum creāvērunt. They created danger for them (i.e., for other people). Sibi perīculum creāvērunt They created danger for themselves. Dē eō nihil dīxit. He said nothing about it. Dē sē nihil dīxit. He said nothing about himself.

10. In the 1st and 2nd persons, the genitive is not normally used to indicate possession. Instead Latin uses a set of POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: meus, -a, -um my noster, nostra, nostrum our tuus, -a, -um your (sing.) vester, vestra, vestrum your (pl.) These may be used reflexively (to indicate possession by the subject of the sentence), but their translations into English will be the same.

11. The singular and plural genitives of is, ea, id may be used to indicate possession in the 3rd person(his, her, its, their)… eius his/her/its eōrum (m. & n.) eārum (f.) their …BUT these forms cannot be used reflexively and the genitive of the reflexive pronoun suī is also not used in this way.

12. The Latin reflexive possessive adjective, SUUS, -A, -UM means his (own), her (own), its (own) or their (own). It indicates that the noun it modifies belongs to the subject of the sentence.

13. Examples: Necāverat eius frātrem. He has killed his (i.e., someone else’s) brother. Necāverat suum frātrem. He has killed his own brother. Eius librōs in viā invēnit. She found her (i.e., someone else’s) books in the street. Suōs librōs in viā invēnit . She found her own books in the street. Ibi remānsērunt sine amīcīs eōrum. They remained there without their (i.e. other people’s) friends. Ibi remānsērunt sine amīcīs suīs. They remained there without their own friends.

14. Last but not least, Latin has a widely used intensive pronoun, IPSE, IPSA, IPSUM which declines like the UNUS NAUTA (-īus) adjectives or like ille, illa, illud.

15. IPSE, IPSA, IPSUM may stand alone as a or modify a noun. Either way, it simply emphasizes the identity of the person or thing to which it refers. It is often translated with myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, but English can also emphasize identity in other ways.

16. Examples: Cōnsulem vīdī. I saw the consul. Ipse cōnsulem vīdī. I myself saw the consul. Cōnsulem ipsum vīdī. I saw the consul himself. Rēx mē vocat. The king is calling me. Rēx ipse mē vocat. The king himself is calling me. Rēx mē ipsum vocat. The king is calling me myself. OR The king is calling me. Ratiō id nōbīs docet. Reason teaches us this. Ratiō ipsa id nōbīs docet. Reason itself teaches us this. Ratiō id ipsum nōbīs docet. Reason teaches us this very thing. Ratiō id nōbīs ipsīs docet. Reason teaches us ourselves this. (Used adjectivally, IPSE, -A, -UM almost always immediately follows a noun or pronoun that it modifies.)