CHAPTER 11 SECTION 4 A NEW MASS CULTURE

1. CHAPTER 11 SECTION 4A NEW MASS CULTURE

2. THE AUTOMOBILE RESHAPED AMERICAN • CULTURE, CREATING NEW FORMS OF • RECREATION AND MAKING IT EASIER FOR • PEOPLE TO TRAVEL • AMERICANS ALSO LISTENED TO THE • RADIO, WENT TO MOVIES, AND • FOLLOWED SPORTS • A NEW MASS CULTURE EMERGED • RESEMBLING THE ONE WE HAVE NOW

3. Popular Culture • ON FARMS PEOPLE WORKED • FROM DAYLIGHT TO DARK • LEAVING LITTLE TIME FOR • ENTERTAINEMENT • – FAMILIES SPENT A LOT OF • TIME TOGETHER • – DID NOT HAVE THE TIME OR • MONEY FOR ENTERTAINMENT • CITY LIFE WAS DIFFERENT • – AVERAGE WORKWEEK WAS 45 • HOURS BY 1930 • – ALSO WORKWEEK WAS • CHANGED FROM SEVEN TO 5 • DAYS • – SALARIES WERE ALSOBIGGER

4. Movies • WITH MORE FREE TIME AND • EXTRA MONEY URBAN AND • SUBURBAN AMERICANS • LOOKED TO NEW SOURCES • OF ENTERTAINMENT • – MOVIES WERE THE NEW • ENTERTAINMENT • MOVIES BECAME BIG IN THE • 1920S • – STUDIOS IN HOLLYWOOD • ESTABLISHED MONOPOLIES • THAT CONTROLLED THE • PRODUCTIN, DISTRIBUTION • AND EXHIBITION OF MOVIES

5. 1920’S • – FROM 60 TO 100 MILLION • AMERICANS WENT TO THE • MOVIES EACH WEEK • STUDIOS MADE SILENT PICTURES • – IDEAL FOR THE TIME BECAUSE • MANY IMMIGRANTS COULD NOT • SPEAK ENGLISH • – ALSO LET THEM SERVE MANY • GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDRIES • – MANY STARS BECAME FAMOUS • IN OTHER COUNTRIES • EASILY AVAILABLE TO ANYONE • – ONLY COST A FEW CENTS TO • GET INTO THE MOVIES Movies

6. Famous Stars of the 1920’s (pg.344) • CHARLIE CHAPLIN • – MOST FAMOUS • – MOST POPULAR CHARACTER • WAS THE LITTLE TRAMP • – PART HOBO AND OPTOMIST • DOUGLAS FAIRBANKS • – ORIGINAL ROBIN HOOD

7. Famous Stars of the 1920’s • MARY PICKFORD • – MARRIED TO DOUGLAS • FAIRBANKS • – ALSO KNOWN AS “AMERICA’S SWEETHEART” • LON CHANEY • – STAR OF HORROR FILMS

8. Famous Stars of the 1920’s • RUDOLPH VALENTINO • – SEX SYMBOL • – MOST FAMOUS ROLE WAS IN • THE SHEIK • – “THE LATIN LOVER” • CECIL B. DEMILLE • – MOST FAMOUS MOVIE • PRODUCER OF THE 1920’S

9. Famous Stars of the 1920’s • FATTY ARBUCKLE • – FAMOUS COMEDIAN WHOSE • CAREER WAS RUINED BY • SCANDAL

10. Movies • MOVIES CHANGED IN 1927 • WITH THE RELEASE OF • THE JAZZ SINGER • – FIRST TALKING PICTURE • STARRING AL JOLSON • – FIRST WORDS SPOKEN • ON FILM: “YOU AIN’T • HEARD NOTHIN’ YET” • SILENT PICTURES FADED • WITH THE “TALKIES”

11. Radio & Phonographs • POWERFUL INSTRUMENTS OF MASS POPULAR • CULTURE • HELPED PRODUCE A STANDARDIZED CULTURE • – AMERICANS IN THE EAST AND WEST AND NORTH • AND SOUTH LISTENED TO THE SAME SONGS, • LEARNED THE SAME DANCES AND SHARED THE • SAME POPULAR CULTURE AS NEVER BEFORE

12. Radio & Phonograph • THE RADIO WAS DEVELOPED IN THE 1890’S BY • ITALIAN INVENTOR GUGLIELMO MARCONI • 1920 • – AN EXECUTIVE OF THE WESTINGHOUSE COMPANY • STARTED RADIO STATION KDKA IN PITTSBURGH • – IMMEDIATE SUCCESS • – WITHIN THREE YEARS THERE WERE ALMOST 600 • STATIONS BROADCASTING DIFFERENT PROGRAMS • – ALSO LET LISTENERS HEAR ABOUT DIFFERENT • PRODUCTS THROUGH ADVERTISING • 1927, MUCH OF AMERICA LISTENED TO A • CHAMPIONSHIP BOXING MATCH BETWEEN • GENE TUNNEY AND JACK DEMPSEY • - BEFORE 1920s, SUCH COVERAGE OF AN EVENT HAD • BEEN IMPOSSIBLE

13. Radio & Phonograph • PHONOGRAPH ALLOWED PEOPLE TO • LISTEN TO THE SAME MUSIC THEY • HEARD ON THE RADIO WHEN EVER • THEY WANTED • - EARLY PHONOGRAPH EMPLOYED DIFFICULT • TO USE WAX CYLINDERS; HAD POOR SOUND • QUALITY • - 1920s, GROOVED DISC RECORDINGS AND • SUPERIOR SOUND REPRODUCTION • – LISTENED TO THE SAME MUSIC • EVERYWHERE IN THE U.S. • - LEARNED SAME FASHIONABLE DANCES; • THE FOX TROT TO THE CHARLESTON

14. Heroes of the 1920s • HOLLYWOOD’S RIVALS FOR HEROES WERE • SPORTS STARS • – BEFORE 1920’S SPORTS STARS WERE LOCAL • HEROES • – CHANGED IN 1920’S • – CALLED THE GOLDEN AGE OF SPORTS

15. Heroes of the 1920s • LEADING SPORTS HERO WAS BABE RUTH • – THE “SULTAN OF SWAT” • ATHLETES WERE POPULAR BECAUSE: • 1. THE GOLDEN AGE OF SPORTS WAS ALSO • THE GOLDEN AGE OF SPORTS WRITERS • 2. WWI SHATTERED AMERICAN’S FAITH IN • PROGRESS MAKING THE WORLD CHEAP • AND FLAWED • – ATHLETIC HEROES REASSURED • AMERICANS THAT PEOPLE WERE • CAPABLE OF GREAT FEATS • 3. SPORTS HEROES GAVE AMERICANS A • SENSE OF HOPE

16. Heroes of the 1920s John L. Sullivan-BOXER Red Grange FOOTBALL Jim Thorpe All-around athlete

17. Heroes of the 1920s Bobby Jones GOLF Gertrud e Ederle FIRST WOMAN TO SWIMTHE ENGLISH CHANNEL Bill Tilden TENNIS

18. LUCKY LINDY CROSSES THE ATLANTIC Charles Lindbergh • THE MOST POPULAR • CELEBRITY OF THE 1920S • – FIRST PERSON TO FLY • NONSTOP AND SOLO • ACROSS THE ATLANTIC • FROM NEW YORK TO • PARIS IN THE • SPIRIT OF ST. LOUIS • WHEN HE LANDED IN PARIS • HE BECAME AN INSTANT • CELEBRITY • – BECAME THE GREATEST • HERO OF HIS TIME

19. New Roles For Women • 1920’S • – MANY WOMEN CHALLENGED • POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL • AND EDUCATIONAL BOUNDARIES • TO PROVE THAT THEIR ROLE WAS • AS VITAL OUTSIDE THE HOME AS • INSIDE • THE “NEW WOMAN” OF THE 1920’S • WAS MORE LIBERATED • - SHE WORE DRESSES THAT WERE • SHORTER, PUT ON MORE MAKEUP • AND DANCED TO THE LATES • CRAZES AND ASSUMED SHE HAD • THE SAME POLITICAL AND SOCIAL • RIGHTS AS ANY MAN

20. New Role For Women • THE REJECTION OF “VICTORIAN” MORALITY SEEMED • SO TOTAL AND THE NEW WOMAN SO NOVEL THAT • THE CHANGE AMOUNTED TO A “REVOLUTION IN • MANNERS AND MORALITY • THE SYMBOL OF ALL THESE CHANGES WAS THE • FLAPPER • – A YOUNG WOMAN WITH SHORT SKIRTS AND RED • CHEEKS WHO HAD HER HAIR CUT IN A BOB • THE FLAPPER WAS MORE PUBLICIZED THAN IMITATED • – HER IMAGE UNDERSCORES AN IMPORTANT ASPECT • OF THE 1920S • – NOT ALL WOMEN WANTED TO BE FLAPPERS BUT • WANTED MORE CONTROL OVER THEIR LIVES

21. Changes in Family Life • DURING THE 1920S WOMEN TENDED TO LIVE LONGER, • MARRY LATER AND HAVE FEWER CHILDREN • – FREED THEIR TIME TO PURSUE OTHER INTEREST • – WORKING, CHARITY WORK, CLUBS THAT DISCUSSED • BOOKS AND IDEALS • – ENLARGED THE INTELLECTUAL WORLD OF WOMEN • CONSUMER ECONOMY BENEFITED WOMEN • – ELECTRIC APPLIANCES HELPED MAKE HOUSEWORK • EASIER • RURAL AMERICA • – DID NOT HAVE ELECTRICITY • – THEIR HOUSEHOLD CHORES WERE STILL DIFFICULT • STILL A SPLIT BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL AMERICANS

22. Modernism in Arts and Literature • NO AREA OF AMERICAN LIVE REFLECTED THE IMPACT OF WWI MORE THAN LITERATURE AND THE ARTS – THE WAR ALTERED THE WAY WRITERS AND ARTISTS: • 1. VIEWED THE WORLD • CHANGED THE WAY THEY • APPROACHED THEIR CRAFT • INSPIRED THEM TO • EXPERIMENT WITH • NEW FORMS AND FRESH IDEAS

23. Modernism in Art and Literature • WWI CALLED THE NOTION OF • PROGRESS INTO QUESTION • – HOW COULD A SOCIETY RULED • BY THE IDEA OF PROGRESS • PARTICIPATE IN A WAR THAT • KILLED MILLIONS OF PEOPLE, • DESTROYED MONUMENTS OF • CIVILIZATION AND LEFT • SURVIVORS HUNGRY AND • HOMELESS • BELIEVED THIS WAS NOT AN • ACTION OF RATIONAL PEOPLE BUT • THE IRRATIONAL EXPLOITS OF • CIVILIZATION WITHOUT DIRECTION

24. Modernism in the Arts and Literature • THIS PESSIMISTIC WORLDVIEW SPARKED AN ARTISTIC MOVEMENT KNOWN AS MODERNISM

25. Sigmund Freud • CONTRIBUTED TO LITERARY • AND ARTISTIC MODERNISM • – ARGUED THAT MUCH OF • HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS • DRIVEN NOT BY RATIONAL • THOUGHT BUT • UNCONSCIOUS DESIRES

26. Sigmund Freud • TO LIVE IN SOCIETY PEOPLE • LEARN TO SUPPRESS • UNCONSCIOUS DESIRES • – BUT THE TENSION BETWEEN • OUTWARD BEHAVIOR AND THE • SUBCONSCIOUS COULD LEAD • TO MENTAL AND PHYSICAL • ILLNESS • FREUD’S THEORIES LED WRITERS • AND ARTISTS TO EXPLORE THE • SUBCONSCIOUS MIND

27. Modern Painting • MODERNISM CLASHED • WITH TRADITIONALISM • MOST DRAMATICALLY IN • THE FIELD OF MODERN ART • EUROPEAN PAINTERS • MOVED AWAY FROM • REPRESENTATIONAL • PAINTINGS THAT SIMPLY • REPRODUCED REAL LIFE • AND EXPERIMENTED WITH • MORE ABSTRACT STYLES

28. Modern Painting • MOST AMERICANS GOT THEIR FIRST • REAL GLIMPSE OF THE NEW • EUROPEAN APPROACH AT THE • ARMORY SHOW IN NEW YORK 1913 • – TRADITIONALISTS WERE • OUTRAGED • – “LUNITIC FRINGE” • – AMERICAN PAINTERS WERE • INSPIRED BY THE ART • AMERICAN ARTISTS: • 1. EDWARD HOPPER – AUTOMAT, • NIGHHAWKS • 2. OSEPH STELLA – BROOKLYN • BRIDGE

29. Literature • AMERICAN WRITERS OF THE 1920S WERE REFERRED TO AS THE LOST GENERATION • – GIVEN THE NAME BY GERTRUDE STEIN • – BECAUSE THEY NO LONGER HAD FAITH IN • THE CULTURAL GUIDEPOSTS OF THE • VICTORIAN ERA • – WERE INSPIRED BY THEIR “LOST” • CONDITION TO SEARCH FOR NEW TRUTHS • AND FRESH WAYS OF EXPRESSING THOSE • TRUTHS

30. Literature • 1920S • – NEVER IN AMERICAN HISTORY HAD A DECADE • SEEN THE EMERGENCE OF SO MANY GREAT • LITERARY TALENTS: • 1. F. SCOTT FITZGERALD • – EXPLORED THE REALITY OF AMERICAN • DREAMS OR WEALTH, SUCCESS AND • EMOTIONAL FULFILLMENT • – WROTE THE GREAT GATSBY • – WHICH SHOWS THE EMPTINESS OF THE JAZZ • AGE WORLD OF FLAPPERS AND • BOOTLEGGERS • – ALSO WROTE THIS SIDE OF PARADISE IN • WHICH HE SAYS HIS GENERATION HAD • “GROWN UP TO FIND ALL GODS DEAD, ALL • WARS FOUGHT AND ALL FAITHS IN MAN SHAKEN”

31. Literature • 2. ERNEST HEMINGWAY • – WROTE A FAREWELL TO ARMS • – ABOUT A DOOMED LOVE AFFAIR • BETWEEN A CYNICAL AMERICAN • AMBULANCE DRIVER AND A NURSE • DURING WWI • 3. SINCLAIR LEWIS • – WROTE MAIN STREET • – SMALL TOWN LIFE IN THE MIDWEST • – PAINTS A SATIRICAL PORTRAIT OF • SMALL MINDED PEOPLE IN AN • AMERICAN TOWN

32. Literature • EDITH WHARTON • – WROTE THE AGE OF INNOCENCE • – ABOUT A WEALTHY YOUNG MAN • PREVENTED BY SOCIAL CONVENTIONS • FROM MARRYING THE WOMAN HE • LOVES • WILLIAM FAULKNER • – WROTE THE SOUND AND THE FURY • – ABOUT LIFE IN THE SOUTH AND USES • DIFFERENT NARRATORS TO TELL THE • STORY OF THE COMPLEX INNER • WORKINGS OF A SOUTHERN FAMILY

33. Literature • MANY POETS AND NOVELISTS OF THE 1920S • WERE DISSILLUSIONED • – THEY WRESTLED WITH THE MEANING OF THE • WAR AND LIFE ITSELF • – THEIR EFFORTS RESULTED IN THE CREATION • OF LITERARY MASTERPIECES