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WORLD WAR I

WORLD WAR I. www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt. 1914. June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is assassinated in Sarajevo July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia August 1 Germany declares war on Russia August 3 Germany declares war on France

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WORLD WAR I

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  1. WORLD WAR I www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

  2. 1914 • June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is assassinated in Sarajevo • July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia • August 1 Germany declares war on Russia • August 3 Germany declares war on France • August 4 Great Britain declares war on Germany www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

  3. Off to War • The Austrian Response • The Russian Reaction --General Mobilization on July 30th • Mobilization out of control --German Declaration of War on August 1st (Russia) and August 3rd (France) --British Declaration of War on August 4th • Popular War Enthusiasm users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H114l.PPT

  4. World War I

  5. 1914 • August 4 Germany invades neutral Belgium • August 26-30 German army achieves its greatest victory of the war on the Eastern front at the Battle of Tannenberg • September 5-10 First Battle of the Marne halts German invasion in France • September 15 First trenches of the Western front are dug www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

  6. Schlieffen Plan • Germans want to finish off French before Russia is ready to fight • Germans believe French will immediately try to retake Alsace-Lorraine • Original plan called for economy of force on the left while heavily weighting the right flank • Von Moltke revised and distributed forces more evenly across the front • Plan failed when Germans were held up by Belgians, then stopped by French and British at the Battle of the Marne • Russians also mobilized more quickly than expected www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

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  8. STALEMATE • Allies halt Central Powers; both sides dig in • No flanks for either side to attack • Barbed wire entanglements up to 150’ deep • Neither side gains more than 10 miles in over 2 years • Mass is supreme principle • Massed assaults • Massed fires www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

  9. Trench Warfare • Machine gun and artillery make it difficult to attack a trench • Huge artillery preps make “No Man’s Land” virtually impassable • Huge casualties for attackers www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

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  12. Trench Warfare

  13. RUTHLESS TACTICS • Chemical warfare made trench warfare more horrible • Mustard/Blister agents deployed • First used on French in 1915

  14. The role of poison gas --Chlorine --Phosgene --Mustard Gas • The emotional toll of gas warfare users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H114l.PPT

  15. 1915 • January 19, 1915 First German Zeppelin air raid on England • February 4 Germany declares a submarine blockade of Great Britain. Any boat approaching England is considered a legitimate target • April 22-May 5 Second Battle of Ypres marks first use of chemical weapons • April 25 Allies begin assault on Gallipoli peninsula in Turkey www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

  16. GallipoliCampaign1915 www2.ku.edu/~kunrotc/academics/220/11.ppt - Winston Churchill proposes opening supply route to Russia through the Black Sea.

  17. Submarines • New aspect of “Total War” • Targeting “neutral merchant” ships • Germans announce submarine blockade • Part physical, part psychological weapon • Draws Allied resources away from offensive operations • Civilian control of production • Sinking of ships with US passengers is major factor in US’s eventual entry into the war www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

  18. Unterseeboots www2.ku.edu/~kunrotc/academics/220/11.ppt

  19. 1915 • May 7 Sinking of the passenger ship Lusitania • Killed 1200, 123 Americans • May 23 Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary • August 30 Germany responds to U.S. anger by ceasing to sink ships without warning • December 28 Allies begin withdrawal of troops from Gallipoli www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

  20. 1916 • February 21 - December 18, 1916 The longest battle of the war, the Battle of Verdun, is fought to a draw with an estimated one million casualties • July 1-November 18 The Battle of the Somme results in an estimated one million casualties and no breakthrough for the Allies • December 31 Russian Rasputin, is murdered by relatives of the Tsar www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

  21. V. Case Studies in Industrial Warfare • Battles of Attrition • The Battle of Verdun (February-June, 1916) --German attack opened by most massive military bombardment in history --longest single battle of the war --600,000 men died www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

  22. V. Case Studies of Industrial Warfare (cont) • The Battle of the Somme (July-November, 1916) --Seven Days and Seven Nights of British bombardment --60,000 British dead in 12 minutes --1 million dead for just 7 miles of land • The Changing atmosphere of War --complete breakdown of human existence users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H114l.PPT

  23. “Going Over the Top” at the Battle of the Somme users.ipfw.edu/gatesb/H114l.PPT

  24. Battle of Jutland www2.ku.edu/~kunrotc/academics/220/11.ppt

  25. 1917 • February 1, 1917 Germany again declares unrestricted submarine warfare • April 6 The United States declares war on Germany • July 6 T.E. Lawrence and the Arabs capture Aquaba • July 16-November 10 Third Battles of Ypres, known as Passchendaele, results in minor gains, but still no breakthrough www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

  26. http://www.uiowa.edu/~c016003a/twofronts.gif

  27. Tanks • Brits introduce in Sept 1916 • Means to cross No Man’s Land with protection from machine guns • Initially employed piecemeal and in too small numbers to be decisive • Unreliable and slow www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

  28. Tanks • Battle of Somme, Sept 1916 • 36 of 60 tanks make it into battle • Scattered across 3 mile front • Cambrai, Nov 1917 • Used in mass (300 tanks) • Opened 12x6 mile front • Amiens, August 1918 • 500 tanks, 13 infantry divisions, 2 cavalry divisions, 2000 artillery pieces, 800 aircraft First modern “combined-arms” battle www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

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  30. Aviation“Red Baron” • Used initially for reconnaissance/spotting • Wireless communication critical development in spotting • Arial combat originally a counter-reconnaissance function • Troops on the ground don’t like the planes overhead…. • By the end of the war, planes were being used to drop bombs on railways, intersections, factories, etc… www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

  31. “Jenny” JN-4 www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

  32. Jaeger www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

  33. Treaty of Versailles • Big 4 meet in Paris • Woodrow Wilson • Lloyd George of Britain • Orlando of Italy • Clemenceau of France • Signed June 28, 1919 • Ended War • re-established boundaries for Germany www.nrotc.net/310/17.ppt

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