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Bellwork : Practice Problems

Bellwork : Practice Problems. When the external intercostals and the diaphragm contract, what happens to …. the diaphragm? Thoracic cavity volume? Intrapulmonary volume? Intrapulmonary pressure? When does air stop flowing in? when atm=intrapulm press

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Bellwork : Practice Problems

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  1. Bellwork: Practice Problems • When the external intercostals and the diaphragm contract, what happens to …. • the diaphragm? • Thoracic cavity volume? • Intrapulmonary volume? • Intrapulmonary pressure? • When does air stop flowing in? when atm=intrapulm press • Is this inspiration or expiration? insp

  2. Bellwork: 2. When the external intercostals and the diaphragm relax, what happens to …. • the diaphragm? • Thoracic cavity volume? • Intrapulmonary volume? • Intrapulmonary pressure? • When does air stop flowing out? • Is this inspiration or expiration? 3. When are the internal intercostal muscles working? Forced expiration

  3. Impaired oxygen transport: • Hypoxia: inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues • Can result from anemia, impaired circulation, pulmonary disease • Can cause cyanosis (bluish coloration of skin due to lack of oxygen)

  4. Hypoxia Example: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning • CO-odorless, colorless gas, competes for same binding sites as oxygen on hemoglobin • Hemoglobin binds more readily to CO than oxygen, so it displaces oxygen • Does not produce signs of hypoxia like cyanosis or resp. distress • Victim: confused/headache; skin: cherry red due to CO binding to hemoglobin

  5. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) • Features of these diseases • Patients almost always have a history of smoking • Labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively more severe • Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common • Most victims retain carbon dioxide, are hypoxic and have respiratory acidosis • Those infected will ultimately develop respiratory failure

  6. Emphysema: type of COPD • Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through • Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis • Airways collapse during expiration • Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale • Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest • Cyanosis: • appears late in the disease

  7. Chronic Bronchitis: type of COPD • Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed • Mucus production increases • impairs ventilation and gas exchange • Pneumonia is common • Hypoxia and cyanosis occur early

  8. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Figure 13.13

  9. Lung Cancer • Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the United States • Increased incidence associated with smoking

  10. Asthma • Chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages • Response to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing (whistling sound) • Bronchioles constrict, airways narrow • Must be treated with bronchodilators.

  11. Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System • Lungs are filled with fluid in the fetus • Lungs are not fully inflated with air until two weeks after birth • Surfactant that lowers alveolar surface tension is not present until late in fetal development and may not be present in premature babies • Surfactant prevents lungs from collapsing

  12. Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System • Important birth defects • Cystic fibrosis – lethal genetic disease of oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system • Cleft palate- opening in the roof of the mouth results from incomplete development of the lip or palate while the baby is forming before birth

  13. Aging Effects • Elasticity of lungs decreases • Vital capacity decreases • Blood oxygen levels decrease • Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decreases • More risks of respiratory tract infection • Ciliary action decreases • Phagocytic action decreases

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