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Manoa Valley Ahupua’a. An Ahupua’a is a natural land division, which is bordered by streams from Mauka to Makai. Typical Ahupua’a. Ohana: Family Life. Hawaiian tradition recognizes that people are descendants of the kalo plant Ohana comes from Kalo Makua = parent Oha (sprout) = child.
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Manoa Valley Ahupua’a • An Ahupua’a is a natural land division, which is bordered by streams from Mauka to Makai
Ohana: Family Life Hawaiian tradition recognizes that people are descendants of the kalo plant Ohana comes from Kalo Makua = parent Oha (sprout) = child
Ohana were guided by family spirits called ‘Aumakua They were ancestors of the family who provided guidance and advise They took on forms of nature such as mano: sharks (most revered), honu: turtles, pueo: owls Illustrates how Hawaiians are connected to nature, their surroundings A premier of indigenous learning
Indigenous Learning • Spiritual and secular worlds are connected • Knowledge embedded in cosmology • No clear distinctions between intangible and physical elements • Knowledge is holistic and cannot be separated from land, resources, nature
Early education • Strict discipline • What they needed to learn they learned at home • Child’s age based on his physical abilities • Chores based on child’s strengths, size • 2 year old = carries water • 6 year old = carries coconuts • 10 year old = carries sibling
Pre Contact Education • Education a child received depended on birth status: • Ali’I children had kahu (tutor) - they learned about leadership, royalty • Maka’ainana children taught by kupuna (grandparents) -- they learned about legends, their families kapu (guardian)
Pre Contact Education • Goal: teach children to be responsible members of society • Content: • Chants • Hula • Genealogies, • Legends • Formal ways of learning: • Imitation • Oral history • Observation • Informal ways of learning: • Direction from kupunas • Play
Older boys learned as they worked side by side with the men. • They learned to plant, fish, make poi, prepare food for imu
Older girls worked with the women • They learned how to make baskets, mats, and gourds for carrying food and water • They took care of the children, cleaning, collected shells, seaweed, etc.
Post Contact • First material printed in Hawaiian was by missionaries -- contained sentences and spelling words from the Bible • 1830, over 1,000 schools -- taught by native teachers, under the guidance of the missionaries • Education in the Hawaiian language • Ho’ike -- a quarterly exam of students -- which were festive occasions attended by ali’i where students demonstrated what they had learned
Post Contact 1900 • Children ages 6 to 15 had to attend school • No longer run by missionaries but by state government • Underlying problem: why educate people if they are just going to work on the plantation? • Same problems today existed then: too little tax money supported education -- a federal commission found that too little tax money supported education - the old Territorial school which taught teachers became part of the new UH Manoa
References • Williams, J. S. (1997). From the Mountains to the Sea: Early Hawaiian Life. • Kamehameha Schools Press, 1997 • Kamehameha Schools Hawaiian Studies Institute (1994). Life in Early Hawaii: The Ahupua’a, 3rd ed. Available online at, http://kspress.ksbe.edu • Chapin, H. G. (1999). Hawaiian Historical Society. Available online at http://www.hawaiianhistory.org/index.html • Menton, L. K., & Tamura, E. H. (1999). A History of Hawaii, 2nd ed. Curriculum Research & Development Group, Honolulu, HI • Kamakua, S. M. (1991). Tales and Traditions of the People of Old. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI 1991 • Kamakua, S. M. (1964). The People of Old. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI 1964
