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Motivating:

Motivating:. Self & Others. Outline:. Defining Motivation and its characteristics. Theory X,Y type people Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic motivators Need theories of motivation Process theories of motivation Kohn’s motivating environment. What is Motivation?. Intensity Direction Persistence.

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Motivating:

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  1. Motivating: Self & Others

  2. Outline: • Defining Motivation and its characteristics. • Theory X,Y type people • Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic motivators • Need theories of motivation • Process theories of motivation • Kohn’s motivating environment

  3. What is Motivation? • Intensity • Direction • Persistence

  4. Theory X • Negative attitude • Employees dislike work ~ Avoidance • Employees must be coerced, controlled and threatened with punishment to achieve goals.

  5. Theory Y • Positive Attitude • Employees will exercise self-direction, self-control, creativity and responsibility if committed to objectives.

  6. Extrinsic Motivators • Outside the person • Pay bonuses/tangible rewards

  7. Intrinsic Motivators • Internal desires • Interest, challenge , personal desire

  8. Cognitive Evaluation Theory • Allocating Extrinsic rewards for behavior previously intrinsically rewarded thus DECREASING overall motivation.

  9. Skill-Based Pay • Paying employees based on the number of skills they posses.

  10. Motivating Professionals • Provide them with challenging projects • Provide autonomy to follow interests & self-assigning procedures to work • Reward them with educational opportunities • Reward them with recognition

  11. Motivating: for Productivity • Variable-pay programs • Piece-rate plans • Bonuses • Gain-Sharing • Profit-Sharing • Stock options/ESOP

  12. Needs Theories : Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs Motivation-Hygiene Theory Alderfer’s ERG Theory McClelland’s Theory of needs Process Theories: Expectancy Theory Goal-Setting Theory Management by Objectives Need & Process Theories

  13. Maslow’s Theory Hierarchy of 5 needs : • Physiological • Safety • Social • Esteem • Self Actualization

  14. Maslow’s Theory (Contd.) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  15. Motivation-Hygiene Theory • Developed by Frederick Herzberg who asked the question: “What do people want from their jobs?”

  16. Motivation-Hygiene Theory (Contd.)

  17. Alderfer’s E.R.G: Existence Related Growth Theory • Existence: refers to our concern with basic material existence requirements • Relatedness: Refers to the desire we have for maintaining relationships • Growth: Refers to an intrinsic desire for personal development

  18. Alderfer’s E.R.G: Existence Related Growth Theory (Contd.) Growth Self-Actualization External Esteem Needs Relatedness Internal Esteem Needs Social Needs Existence Safety Needs Psychological Needs

  19. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory (APA) • Need for Achievement • Need for Power • Need for Affiliation

  20. Summarizing Needs Theories • Maslow: Hierarchy Pyramid • Herzberg: Hygiene – Motivation • Alderfer: Existence Relatedness Growth Pyramid (AlderfERG) • McClelland: Three needs theory (APA)

  21. Are theories that establish how to motivate others And include : ExpectancyTheory Goal-settingTheory EquityTheory Fair ProcessTheory Process Theories of Motivation

  22. Expectancy Theory • By Victor Viroom • Is the most widely accepted explanation of Motivation Expectancy Instrumentality Valence

  23. Goal-Setting Theory • States that specific and difficult goals lead to higher performance

  24. Management by Objectives • Is setting goals within a fixed time period & with feedback on progress • Is a way to implement the Goal-Setting Theory

  25. Management by Objectives (Contd.) MUSTS: • Specific Goals • Participative Decision Making • Specific time period • Performance Feedback

  26. Equity Theory • Individuals compare their job input and output with others and attempt to eliminate inequities.

  27. Equity Theory(Contd.)

  28. The 4 factors affecting the outcome of the Equity Theory(Contd.) • Gender • Tenure • Level in Organization & Education

  29. The Effect of feeling inequitable using the Equity Theory (Contd.) • Change in inputs • Change in outcomes • Adjusting self-perception • Adjusting Perception of others • Choosing a different referent • Leaving the field (Quit)

  30. Research Findings on the Equity Theory • Time Rate: Over-rewarded people produce more • Piece Rate: Over-rewarded people produce less but with higher-quality

  31. Research Findings on the Equity Theory (Contd.) • Time Rate: Under-rewarded people produce less or lower quality • Piece-Rate: Under-rewarded people produce more lower quality products

  32. Fair-Process TheoryFocuses on 3 Justices:-

  33. Kohn’s Motivating Environment • Abolish Incentives • Re-Evaluate evaluations • Create authentic motivation • Collaboration • Content • Choice

  34. Related Internet Sources • Alderfer: <www.envisionsoftware.com/Articles/ERG_Theory.html> • McClelland: <www.netmba.com/mgmt/ob/motivation/mcclelland> • Motivation test: <www.testcafe.com/mot/mot.html>

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