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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. Snowsports and Mountain Biking Emergencies. Objectives (1 of 2). Describe injuries and illnesses caused by exposure to certain environmental conditions.

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 Snowsports and Mountain Biking Emergencies

  2. Objectives (1 of 2) • Describe injuries and illnesses caused by exposure to certain environmental conditions. • Describe basic types of snowsports (fixed heel, free heel, snowboard, cross country, tubing) accidents and common injuries resulting from each accident type.

  3. Objectives (2 of 2) • Describe the safety aspects of modern snowsports equipment. • Describe methods of preventing accidents. • Describe common off-road bicycling injuries.

  4. Snowsports Injuries • Overall injury rates have declined due to: • More experienced participants • Better instruction • Better equipment • Better trail grooming

  5. Fatalities

  6. Snowsports Risk Factors • Higher participant densities • Time of day • Lower 1/3 of race course • Snow conditions

  7. Alpine Skiing Injuries • Rates have steadily declined • Relatively safe when compared with other outdoor recreational activities • Mechanisms • Rotational • Nonrotational

  8. Alpine Skiing Injuries (1 of 4) • Ankle • Boot-top fracture • Spiral fractures • Knee • ACL sprains • MCL sprains • Phantom foot syndrome

  9. Alpine Skiing Injuries (2 of 4) • Thigh, hip, and pelvis • Contusions • Lacerations • Fractures (femur, pelvis) • Hand • Skier’s thumb

  10. Alpine Skiing Injuries (3 of 4) • Upper extremity (nearly 11% of all injuries) • Dislocations • Humeral • Acromioclavicular separations • Fractures • Clavicle • Wrist (silver fork)

  11. Alpine Skiing Injuries (4 of 4) • Overuse injuries • Multiple body parts • Head and chest • Collisions with fixed objects • Leading cause in fatalities

  12. Snowboarding Injuries • Overall rate is only slightly higher than skiing • Risks for beginners is nearly the same as for new skiers • Riders sustain more injuries that require immediate medical attention

  13. Snowboarding Risks • When compared to skiing: • Higher risk of upper extremity injury • Twice the risk of fracture • Males = ankle and lower leg injuries • Females = wrist and knee injuries

  14. Snowboarding MOIs • MOIs are different from those in skiing • Generally due to impact • Historically, less formal instruction • Less familiarity with mountain environment

  15. Snowboarding Injury Types (1 of 4) • Lower extremities • 60% fewer than skiers • “Air” leads to ACL injuries • Ankle injuries are common • Snowboarder’s ankle (talus fracture)

  16. Snowboarding Injury Types (2 of 4) • Abdominal, thoracic, and back • Risk of spinal injuries is the same as for skiers • Injuries to the spleen are more frequent • Blunt thoracic trauma is 2nd leading cause in fatalities

  17. Snowboarding Injury Types (3 of 4) • Upper extremity • More than 50% of all riding injuries • Wrist • Young, females, beginners • Hand, elbow, and shoulder • Male, intermediate, expert • FOOSH

  18. Snowboarding Injury Types (4 of 4) • Head • Rare, but leading cause in fatalities • Occurs usually with a fall backward • Impact to occiput • Collisions

  19. Telemark Injuries • Third most popular winter sport at ski areas • Newer high performance equipment has led to injuries similar to alpine skiing. • Release bindings may decrease injury risks.

  20. Nordic Skiing • Various types of gear and locales • Featherweight skis and boots • Traditional wax or waxless skis and heavier leather boots • Parabolic skis and tall plastic boots • 7 million nordic skiers in U.S.

  21. Nordic Skiing Injuries • Injury rate is small, 0.5/1000 visits • Common types: • Cold-related, ie, frostbite, hypothermia • Equal amounts of upper and lower extremity injuries caused by falls • Overuse (Skier’s toe) • Eye (rare) • Avalanche (rare)

  22. Snowblade Injuries • New trend • Easy to learn • Non-release bindings • Common types: • Upper extremity injuries similar to snowboarders • Boot-top and spiral tib/fib fractures

  23. Tubing Injuries • New trend • No or limited steering • No braking • Common types: • Head and spine • Fractures, isolated and multiple • Soft tissue • Injuries result from collisions and rollovers

  24. Snowmobile Injuries • Common types: • Lower extremity • About 50% are fractures • Spinal injuries • Head and neck trauma • Lower back pain • Overuse injuries (Raynaud’s syndrome) • Avalanche

  25. Snowmobile Risk Factors • Multiple riders • Excessive speed • Alcohol and drug use • Improper equipment • Night riding • Unfamiliar or avalanche terrain • Jumping

  26. Mountain Biking • Make up majority of bikes sold in U.S. • Many ski areas promote activity. • IMBA, NORBA, and NSP helped found the National Mountain Bike Patrol. • Offers training in OEC, trail etiquette, and environmental issues

  27. Mountain Biking Injuries (1 of 2) • 80% of riders will be injured • MOIs include high speed and steep terrain • Demographics of riders and injuries • Males, late teens to late 30s • Multiple injuries tend to occur. • 25% require medical care. • 90% occur off-road. • Serious head injuries are rare.

  28. Mountain Biking Injuries (2 of 2) • Common types: • Abrasions, most frequent • Contusions • Lacerations • Fractures, typically of the clavicle • Often the injured will self-evacuate

  29. Injury Prevention (1 of 2) • Maintain physical conditioning. • Use and maintain good equipment. • Use retention devices on the slopes. • Ski or ride within your ability. • Attune to your surroundings. • Avoid intoxication.

  30. Injury Prevention (2 of 2) • Maintain adequate nutrition. • When tired or cold, stop, rest, drink, and eat. • Dress appropriately. • Follow your Responsibility Code. • Carry survival equipment when skiing out of area. • Use high-quality eyewear. • If you choose to wear a helmet, assure that it fits properly and is appropriate for the activity.

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