For Lecture 3 Exam

1. For Lecture 3 Exam • The whole test is matching. Be able to match the following with their description: • Virulence factors/enzymes • The three hemolysis patterns • Disease terms • Toxins • Match the disease to the organism • Know which diseases have which vectors (invertebrates PPT)

2. Virulence Factors • Adhesins (to adhere) • Invasins (to get into cells) • Endotoxin (LPS, LOS, and Lipid A) • Exotoxins • Cytotoxins (kills cells) • Enterotoxin (GI upset) • Neurotoxins (disrupts nerves) • H Ag (flagella allows motility) • K Ag (capsule) • Angiotrophic ability (pulls blood vessels close) • Facultative intracellular pathogens (can survive with and without O2) • MDR plasmids (genetic drug resistance) • PG (prostaglandins; promotes inflammation) • Enzymes • β lactamase (deactivates penicillins) • Ribosylase (causes diarrhea) • Coagulase (causes blood clots) • IgA or IgG protease (deactivates Ab’s) • Hyaluronidase (can move thru tissues) • SOD (superoxide dismutase; deactivates WBC lysosomes) • Staphylokinase (dissolves blood clots) • Streptokinase (dissolves blood clots)

3. Hemolysis • Hemolysin Patterns: • (alpha hemolysis; partially breaks down RBC membranes. Turn blood agar green) •  (beta hemolysis; completely ruptures RBCs. Turns blood agar clear) •  (gamma hemolysis is no RBC lysis; no color change on blood agar)

4. Disease Terms • Furuncle (boil; infected hair follicles) • Carbuncles (mass of boils) • Cellulitis/ soft tissue infections. • Scalded Skin Syndrome exfolatin toxin from Staph aureus • Necrotizing Faciitis: destroys muscle and fat tissue • Toxic Shock: Bacteremia (bacteria in blood) and multisystem failure • Enterointoxication (enterotoxin-mediated diarrhea). This is Dz, not infection. • Pneumonia (fluid in the lungs) • Osteomyelitis (bone infection). Requires 6-8 weeks of iv antibiotics • Renal Abscess infarcts (seeds from renal artery, forms abscess, clots blood beyond that site) • Endocarditis (heart valve infection) --> destruction of valve --> blood clot forms, breaks off, travels as a septic embolism

5. Outer membrane Peptidoglycan GRAM NEGATIVE GRAM POSITIVE

6. ENDOTOXINS (GRAM NEGATIVE ONLY) O Antigen LPS Inner plasma membrane Cell Wall Lipid A(endotoxin) Outer plasma membrane LPS (LOS is LPS with a smaller O antigen)

7. Bacteria list • Gram Positive Rods • Bacillis cereus • Bacillis anthracis • Clostridium perfringins • Clostridium difficile • Clostridium botulinum • Clostridium tetani • Listeria • Proprionibacterium acnes • Corynebacteriumdiptheriae • Nocordiaasteroides • Actinomycesisraelii • Acid-fast bacteria • Mycobacterium tuburclulosis • Mycobacterium leprae • Non-acid-fast, non-gram staining • Mycoplasma pneuomoniae • Gram Positive bacteria • Gram Positive Cocci • Staphylococcus • S. aureus • S. haemolyticus • S. epidermidis • S. saprophyticus • Streptococcus • Group A (Strep. Pyogenes) • Group B (Streptococcus agalactiae) • Group D (Enterococcus faecalis) • Viridins (Steptococcus pneumoniae)

8. What Diseases do these cause? • Gram Positive bacteria • Gram Positive Cocci • Staphylococcus • S. aureus • S. haemolyticus • S. epidermidis • S. saprophyticus • Streptococcus • Group A (Strep. Pyogenes) • Group B (Streptococcus agalactiae) • Group D (Enterococcus faecalis) • Viridins (Steptococcuspneumoniae) Food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, toxic shock, bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, MRSA Skin infections Wound and internal fixation devices infections UTI Strep throat, Scarlet fever, Impetigo, Toxic Shock Syndrome, Necrotizing fasciitis, Rheumatic fever neonatal sepsis and meningitis in infants Nosocomial infections Pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, cavities, sinus and ear infections

9. What Diseases do these cause? • Gram Positive Rods • Bacillis cereus • Bacillis anthracis • Clostridium perfringins • Clostridium difficile • Clostridium botulinum • Clostridium tetani • Listeria • Proprionibacterium acnes • Corynebacteriumdiptheriae • Nocordiaasteroides • Actinomycesisraelii • Acid-fast bacteria • Mycobacterium tuburclulosis • Mycobacterium leprae • Non-acid-fast, non-gram staining • Mycoplasma pneuomoniae Food poisoning anthrax Food poisoning, gas gangrene Diarrhea from antibiotics, pseudomembranous colitis Botulism Tetanus Food poisoning acne Diphtheria Pneumonia, wounds, CNS infections Maxillary osteomyelitis, human bite wounds Tuberculosis Hansen’s disease Walking pneumonia

10. Gram Negative Bacteria Enterobacteriaceae Not Enterobacteriaceae • E. coli • Enterobacter aerogenes • Klebsiella pneumoniae • Proteus vulgaris • Serratia marcescens • Campylobacter jejuni • Salmonella typhi • Shigella dysenteriae • Yersinia enterocolitica and pestis • Neisseria gonorrhea and meningitis • Vibrio cholerae • Helicobacteri pylori • Haemophilus influenzae • Bordetella pertussis • Francisella tularensis • Brucella • Pseudomonas aeruginosa • Rickettsia spp • Chlamydia spp • Legionella • Bartonella spp • Pasturella multocida NOTE: All of the organisms on this slide are rods except Neisseria, which are cocci (diplococci).

11. Spirochetes • Treponema pallidum • Borelia burgdorferi

12. E. coli strains/serotypes • most normal flora E. coli are non-pathogenic in intestinal tract • pathogenic strains: • EPEC (enteropathic) • ETEC (enterotoxic) • EHEC (enterohemorrhagic) • EIEC (enteroinvasive) • EAEC (enteroaggregative) • UPEC (uropathogenic)

13. What Diseases Do These Cause? Enterobacteriaceae • E. coli • Enterobacter aerogenes • Klebsiella pneumoniae • Proteus vulgaris • Serratia marcescens • Campylobacter jejuni • Salmonella typhi • Shigella dysenteriae • Yersinia enterocolitica • Yersinia pestis Diarrhea, septicemia, UTI Diarrhea Pneumonia UTI, wound infections UTI, wound infections (catheters, pink bathroom grout Diarrhea from poultry, sick puppies Diarrhea and typhoid fever; feces on food, raw chicken, reptiles Bloody diarrhea from human feces Diarrhea Bubonic (black) plaque

14. Exotoxins and their classification • Cytotoxins • Verotoxin (Shigella-like toxin; E. coli EHEC) • AB toxin (Kills colon epithelium; E. coli EHEC) • Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin (Staph aureus) • Exfolatin (Scalded Skin Syndrome; Staph aureus) • Necrotizing Fasciitis Toxin (group A Strep) • Anthrax • Diphtheria • Pertussis and tracheal cytotoxin • Enterotoxins • Neurotoxins • Botulism • Tetanus

15. Gram positive exotoxins (no endotoxins) • Staphylococcus aureus • Clostridium difficile • Clostridium perfringens • Clostridium botulinum • Clostridium tetani • Bacillus cereus • Bacillus anthracis • Corynebacterium diphtheriae Cytotoxins (TSS, NF, exfolatin), Neurotoxin, Enterotoxin Cytotoxin, Enterotoxin Cytotoxin, Enterotoxin Neurotoxin (botulism toxin) Neurotoxin (Tetanus toxin) Enterotoxin Cytotoxin (Anthrax toxin) Cytotoxin (Diphtheria toxin)

16. These Gram negatives all have endotoxins, but what EXOTOXINS do they produce? • E. coli (EHEC) • E. coli (ETEC) • Enterobacter aerogenes • Klebsiella pneumoniae • Proteus vulgaris • Serratia marcescens • Campylobacter jejuni • Salmonella typhi • Shigella dysenteriae • Yersinia enterocolitica • Yersinia pestis • Vibrio cholerae • Bordetella pertussis Verotoxin, AB toxin Enterotoxin, heat labile and heat stable toxins Enterotoxin Enterotoxin Enterotoxin Shigatoxin Cholera toxin Cholera toxin

17. These Gram negatives all have endotoxins, but what EXOTOXINS do they produce? • E. coli (EHEC) • E. coli (ETEC) • Klebsiella pneumoniae • Campylobacter jejuni • Salmonella typhi • Shigella dysenteriae • Vibrio cholerae • Bordetella pertussis Verotoxin, AB toxin Enterotoxin, heat labile and heat stable toxins Enterotoxin Enterotoxin Enterotoxin Shigatoxin Cholera toxin Pertussis toxin

18. Vectors and their Diseases