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Revolutionary Reforms: Rights, Church, and Divisions

This text discusses the reforms implemented by the National Assembly during the French Revolution, including the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, the nationalization of the Church, the attempted escape of the royal family, and the divisions among factions. It also explores the continuation of war, the rise of the Jacobins and the Reign of Terror, and the eventual end of the terror and the establishment of a new government.

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Revolutionary Reforms: Rights, Church, and Divisions

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  1. Ch. 23Section 2 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror

  2. The Assembly Reforms France • The Rights of Man • National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizens • Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!”

  3. A State-Controlled Church • National Assembly seizes church lands, turns clergy into public officials • This action alarms many peasants, who are devout Catholics

  4. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen August 26, 1789 • Liberty! • Property! • Resistance to oppression! • Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time.

  5. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Posed New Dilemmas Did women have equal rights with men? What about free blacks in the colonies? How could slavery be justified if all men were born free? Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political rights?

  6. Louis Tries to Escape • Louis, worried about his future, attempts to leave France • Revolutionaries catch the royal family near the Austrian Netherlands border • Forced to return back to Paris

  7. The French Monarchy:1775 - 1793 Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI

  8. Marie Antoinette and the Royal Children

  9. The Royal Family Attempts to Flee

  10. Divisions Develop • A Limited Monarchy • In September, 1791 Assembly finishes new constitution • Stripped king of much of his authority • Created Legislative Assembly • New body created to pass laws • Had ability to approve/reject declarations of war

  11. Factions Split France • Major problems including debt, food shortages remain • Assembly split • Radicals-(left) • Opposed monarchy • Wanted sweeping changes in government • Moderates-(center) • Wanted some changes in government • Conservatives-(right) • Limited monarchy • Few changes in government

  12. Émigrés-nobles who flee country, want Old Regime back in power San-culottes - lower class who want more change from the Revolution

  13. War and Execution • Problems with other countries • Austrians and Prussians want Louis in charge of France; France declares war (Legislative Assembly)

  14. France at War – summer of 1792 • Prussian forces soon threaten to attack Paris • Parisian mob jails royal family, kills guards • Mob breaks into prisons, killing over 1,000, many of whom support the king • Pressured by the mob, Legislative Assembly deposes the king, then dissolves, new legislative body forms • National Convention takes office in September, forming French republic

  15. Radical political organization behind the 1792 governmental changes After a close vote, Louis XVI found guilty of treason and beheaded by guillotine Jacobins Take Control

  16. The Jacobins Jacobin Meeting House • They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris. • Started as a debating society. • Membership mostly middle class. • Created a vast network of clubs.

  17. Guillotine Facts • Total weight of a guillotine is about 1278 lbs. • The guillotine metal blade weighs about 88.2 lbs. • The height of guillotine posts average about 14 feet • The falling blade has a rate of speed of about 21 feet/second • Just the actual beheading takes 2/100 of a second • The time for the guillotine blade to fall down to where it stops takes 70th of a second

  18. The War Continues • French army wins great victory against Prussians and Austrians • In 1793, Britain, Spain, and Holland join forces against France • National Convention forces draft of 300,000 to reinforce army

  19. The Terror Grips France Divided Country Not all people in France support all changes of the Revolution

  20. Maximilien Robespierre – Jacobin leader rules France for a year Becomes leader of the Committee for Public Safety, a dictator Robespierre Assumes Control

  21. Reign of Terror – Robespierre’s rule, which includes killing many opponents • Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies and Marie Antoinette • 85% of those killed are middle or lower class

  22. Different Social Classes Executed 7% 8% 28% 25% 31%

  23. End of the Terror • Another Change in Government • In July 1794, Robespierre arrested, executed • Terror results in public opinion shifting away from radical beliefs • Moderate leaders write new constitution • Two-house legislature and five-man Directory restore order • New government makes Napoleon Bonaparte commander of armies

  24. “Triumph of the Third Estate”

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