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Earth Systems

Earth Systems. ESS2-1. Big Picture Objective. MS-ESS2-3. Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions. Self Check. Upper Right Hand corner of notebook page (just the number)

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Earth Systems

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  1. Earth Systems ESS2-1 Big Picture Objective • MS-ESS2-3. • Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions.

  2. Self Check • Upper Right Hand corner of notebook page (just the number) • 4. I fully understood the lesson • 3. I got it, just need to look over a couple of things. • 2. I could use a little more help to understand. • 1. I have no clue as to what I need to know.

  3. Section1 Inside the Earth Chapter F4 10/01/14 Do Now What do you think would weather down faster, a mountain or a hill made of rocks? Explain your answer.

  4. Tectonic Plates ESS2-1 Objectives • Identifythe layers of the Earth by their chemical composition and properties • Describe a tectonic plate. • Describe the three forces thought to move tectonic plates.

  5. Tectonic Plates ESS2-1 Agenda: Today we will: • Day 1 • Complete a do now • Watch a video on tectonic plates • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELd3ebldSTs&feature=player_embedded • Learn about plate tectonics from teacher guided power point. • Day 2 • Complete Plate tectonics lab. • Exit ticket

  6. Tectonic Plates ESS2-1 Vocabulary • tectonic plates • crust • mantle • core • convergent boundary • divergent boundary • transform boundary

  7. Section1 Inside the Earth Chapter F4 The Composition of the Earth • The Earth is divided into three layers—the crust, the mantle, and the core—based on the compounds that make up each layer. • The Crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. The crust is 5 to 100 km thick, and is the thinnest layer of the Earth.

  8. Section1 Inside the Earth Chapter F4 The Composition of the Earth, continued • There are two types of crust—continental and oceanic. Oceanic crust is thinner and denser than continental crust.

  9. Section1 Inside the Earth Chapter F4 The Composition of the Earth, continued • The Mantleis the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core. The mantle is much thicker than the crust and contains most of the Earth’s mass. • The crust is too thick to drill through, so scientists must draw conclusions about the composition and other properties of the mantle from observations made on the Earth’s surface.

  10. Section1 Inside the Earth Chapter F4 The Composition of the Earth, continued • The Coreis the central part of the Earth that lies below the mantle. The core makes up about one-third of Earth’s mass. • Scientists think that the Earth’s core is made mostly of iron and contains smaller amounts of nickel but almost no oxygen, silicon, aluminum, or magnesium.

  11. Section1 Inside the Earth Chapter F4

  12. Section1 Inside the Earth Chapter F4 Tectonic Plates • Pieces of the lithosphere that move around on top of the asthenosphere are called tectonic plates. • Tectonic plates consist of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle.

  13. Section1 Inside the Earth Chapter F4 Tectonic Plates, continued • A Giant Jigsaw Puzzle Each tectonic plate fits together with the tectonic plates that surround it. • The lithosphere is like a jigsaw puzzle. The tectonic plates are like the pieces of the puzzle.

  14. Section1 Inside the Earth Chapter F4 Tectonic Plates, continued • A Tectonic Plate Close-Up The following Visual Concept presentation shows the Earth’s major tectonic plates and how they fit together. • The presentation also illustrates what a tectonic plate might look like if you could lift it out of its place.

  15. Section1 Inside the Earth Chapter F4 Tectonic Plates Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

  16. Section1 Inside the Earth Chapter F4 Tectonic Plates, continued • Tectonic plates “float” on the asthenosphere. The plates cover the surface of the asthenosphere, and they touch one another and move around. • The lithosphere displaces the asthenosphere. Thick tectonic plates, such as those made of continental crust, displace more asthenosphere than do thin plates, such as those made of oceanic lithosphere.

  17. Section2 Restless Continents Chapter F4 Wegener’s Continental Drift Hypothesis • Continental drift is the hypothesis that states that continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations. • Scientist Alfred Wegener developed the hypothesis in the early 1900s.

  18. Section2 Restless Continents Chapter F4 The Breakup of Pangaea • Wegener theorized that all of the present continents were once joined in a single, huge continent he called Pangaea. • Pangaea is Greek for “all earth.” • Pangaea existed about 245 million years ago.

  19. Section2 Restless Continents Chapter F4 Continental Drift Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

  20. Section2 Restless Continents Chapter F4 Sea-Floor Spreading • Evidence to support the continental drift hypothesis comes from sea-floor spreading. • Sea-floor spreading is the process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms as magma rises toward the surface and solidifies.

  21. Section2 Restless Continents Chapter F4 Sea-Floor Spreading, continued • Mid-Ocean Ridges and Sea-Floor SpreadingMid-ocean ridges are underwater mountain chains that run through Earth’s ocean basins. • These mid-ocean ridges are the places where sea-floor spreading takes place.

  22. Section2 Restless Continents Chapter F4

  23. Section2 Restless Continents Chapter F4 Sea-Floor Spreading, continued • Evidence for Sea-Floor Spreading: Magnetic ReversalsSome of the most important evidence of sea-floor spreading comes from magnetic reversals recorded in the ocean floor. • Throughout Earth’s history, the north and south magnetic poles have changed places many times.

  24. Section2 Restless Continents Chapter F4 Sea-Floor Spreading, continued • Magnetic Reversals and Sea-Floor SpreadingMolten rock at the mid-ocean ridge contains tiny grains of magnetic minerals that act like compasses. • These minerals align with the magnetic field of the Earth. When the molten rock cools, the record of these tiny compasses remains in the rock.

  25. Section2 Restless Continents Chapter F4 Sea-Floor Spreading, continued • When the Earth’s magnetic field reverses, the magnetic mineral grains align in the opposite direction. The new rock records the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field. • As the sea floor spreads away from a mid-ocean ridge, it carries with it a record of these magnetic reversals.

  26. Section2 Restless Continents Chapter F4 Magnetic Reversals and Sea-Floor Spreading Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

  27. Section3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter F4 Tectonic Plate Boundaries • As scientists’ understanding of mid-ocean ridges and magnetic reversals grew, a theory was formed to explain how tectonic plates move. • Plate tectonics is the theory that explains how large pieces of the Earth’s outermost layer, called tectonic plates, move and change shape.

  28. Section3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter F4 Tectonic Plate Boundaries, continued • A boundary is a place where tectonic plates touch. All tectonic plates share boundaries with other tectonic plates. • The type of boundary depends on how the tectonic plates move relative to one another.

  29. Section3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter F4 Tectonic Plate Boundaries, continued • There are three types of tectonic plate boundaries: • Convergent Boundaries • Divergent Boundaries • Transform Boundaries

  30. Section3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter F4 Tectonic Plate Boundaries, continued • When two tectonic plates collide, the boundary between them is a convergent boundary. • What happens at convergent boundaries depends on the kind of crust at the leading edge of each tectonic plate.

  31. Section3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter F4

  32. Section3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter F4 Tectonic Plate Boundaries Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

  33. Section3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter F4 Tectonic Plate Boundaries, continued • When two tectonic plates separate, the boundary between them is called a divergent boundary. • New sea floor forms at divergent boundaries.

  34. Section3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter F4 Tectonic Plate Boundaries, continued • When two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally, the boundary between is called a transform boundary. • The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary.

  35. Section3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter F4

  36. Section3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter F4 Causes of Tectonic Plate Motion Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

  37. Section3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter F4 Possible Causes of Tectonic Plate Motion • What causes the motion of tectonic plates? This movement occurs because of changes in the density within the asthenosphere. • The following Visual Concept presentation examines three possible driving forces of tectonic plate motion.

  38. Section3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter F4 Tracking Tectonic Plate Motion • Tectonic plate movements are so slow and gradual that you can’t see or feel them. The movement is measured in centimeters per year. • Scientists use a system of satellites called the global positioning system (GPS) to measure the rate of tectonic plate movement.

  39. Section3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Chapter F4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion, continued Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

  40. Exit Ticket • What are tectonic plates and what makes them move?

  41. Homework • Handout on Plate Tectonics

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