Unit 1: Human Reproduction, Sexuality and Intimacy

1. Unit 1:Human Reproduction, Sexuality and Intimacy 1. Caring for the Sexual and Reproductive Systems 2. Sexuality 3. Intimacy and Sexual Decision Making

2. . Caring for the Sexual and Reproductive System • This can be an embarrassing topic, but caring for your sexual and reproductive system is as important as any other part of your body. • Talk to someone you trust – Parents, doctor, etc.

3. Female System – External (pg 50) • Labia- Flaps of skin surrounding the vagina. Fill with blood when woman is aroused (erectile) * 2 sets: minora (inner) and majora (outer) • Clitoris- Sensory organ, filled with nerve endings • Urethra- Tube, carries urine from bladder out of the body • Vaginal Opening

4. Female System – Internal (pg 52) • Vagina- Muscular tube, from uterus to vaginal opening. Where penis enters during intercourse and where baby exits during childbirth • Cervix- Where vagina and uterus connect. Expands during childbirth • Uterus (womb)- Where fertilized egg implants and grows. Full of strong, expandable muscles • Endometrium- Nutrient-rich lining of the uterus, which nourishes embryo. No fertilization, lining is shed (period) • Fallopian Tubes- Connect ovaries and uterus. Egg released from ovaries and travels through the fallopian tubes • Ovaries- 2 organs, located to left and right of uterus. Produce, store and release eggs (ovulation).

5. Female System – Internal

6. Reproductive Problems in Women • Cervical- Linked to human papilloma virus (HPV). More common in women who begin sexual activity young or have multiple partners. * Pap tests can check for this form of cancer • Ovarian- Causes unknown, checked by doctors during sexual health exams. • Breast- Most common type of cancer in women. 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer. Potential causes: family history/genetics, smoking/2nd hand smoke, unhealthy diet. * Page 55, breast awareness *Other female ailments on page 53.

7. Male System - External • Penis Shaft- Passageway for urine and semen. Contains columns which fill with blood, causes penis to become erect during sexual excitement. • Glans Penis- Sensitive tip of penis. May be covered by foreskin (depends on whether or not penis has been circumcised) • Scrotum- Skin sac which holds testicles. Muscle causes scrotum to relax/contract in response to temperature. Testicles must be at a lower temperature than rest of body to perform properly.

8. Male System - Internal • Testicles (testes)- Male reproductive glands. Release testosterone at puberty, causes changes in male body • Duct System- Epididymis, vas deferens and urethra. Tubes which take semen and urine out of the body • Accessory Glands- Seminal vesicles, Cowper’s glands and prostate gland. Secrete lubricants into tube systems, and produce semen *Semen- Whitish-yellow fluid which nourishes sperm, produced by accessory glands. Contains about 250 million sperm, making up 1% ejaculatory fluid

9. Male System (pg 57)

10. Reproductive Problems in Men • Hernia- Intestine pushes through abdominal wall and into groin or scrotum • Testicular Injury- Very common with athletics • STI’s- Chapter 6 looks at these more closely • Testicular Cancer- Cells in testicles divide abnormally, causing tumour. Treatable if caught early • Prostate Cancer- Very common (older men). 20,000 diagnosed per year. Treatable if caught early, regular tests after age of 40 * Page 59, testicle awareness

11. 5. Sexuality • What is Sexuality? • Physical Development of sexual characteristics • Gender roles and relationships • Intimacy, love and affection • Sexual attraction • Sexual contact and behaviour • Sexual decision making • Sexual orientation

12. Stages of Human Sexual Development • Stage 1: Infancy (Birth – Age 2) • Babies dependant on others • Mimic others, learn love from contact • Already learning gender roles (girls wear pink) • Stage 2: Childhood (ages 3-8) • Curious about bodies • Know they are male or female Stage 3: Pre-adolescent (ages 9-12) • Puberty, awkward feelings about body • Develop crushes • Puberty comes at different times for different people

13. Cnt’d • Stage 4: Adolescence (ages 13-18) • Begin dating • Peer Pressure • Stage 5: Early Adulthood (ages 19-45) • Fully developed bodies, more comfortable with their bodies • Long-term partners, marriage • Stage 6: Later Adulthood (ages 46 +) • May raise children • Hormonal changes: menopause (when a woman’s period stops) • Usual decrease in sexual activity, but still has feelings of love and intimacy * Page 66-67

14. Physical Changes During Adolescence • At puberty, the pituitary gland begins releasing sex hormones: • Estrogen: Females • Testosterone: Males • Messages are delivered to the testicles and ovaries to begin producing these hormones

15. Female Changes • At puberty, eggs mature and estrogen released which causes release of eggs once a month. Happens from puberty to menopause, called ovulation • Endometrium thickens and sheds if fertilization occurs. Menstruation (period) lasts 3-7 days • Tampon inserted into vagina catches menstrual blood

16. Male Changes • At puberty, pituitary gland tells testes to release testosterone. This causes the testicles to produce sperm. Called spermatogenesis • Ejaculation can only occur if penis is erect • During puberty, erections can occur for no reason

17. Hygiene • Skin- Oil may cause acne. Healthy diet, and washing your face regularly can help stop acne • Body Odour- Caused by increase in sex hormone production. Bathe or shower regularly, and use deodorant/anti-perspirant • Personal Hygiene- Clean your penis or vagina with warm water and soap • Grooming- Up to the individual

18. Emotional and Social Changes • Emotional: Intense emotions (sexual feelings), a want for independence * If you have frequent feelings of being stressed or anxious, talk to someone you trust • Social: Friends, family and others become increasingly important. Spend time with people who make you feel good about yourself

19. Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation • One’s own sense of being a male, female or other: • Transsexual: Desire to live as a member of the opposite sex. Consider hormonal therapy and sex change • Transgender: Desire to live as a member of the opposite sex, usually dress to match opposite sex • Sexual Orientation: An individual’s sexual preference • Heterosexual: Sexual attraction to opposite sex • Homosexual (gay or lesbian): Sexual attraction to same sex • Bisexual: Attracted to both sexes

20. Gender vs. Sex • Sex: Being a male or female as determined by sexual organs and functions • Gender: Being a male or female as defined by society • Gender Roles: Sets of behaviours that project an image of masculinity or femininity • Cultural differences: Different cultures see male and female roles in different ways. Example: Japanese women cover mouths when laughing

21. Changes Over Time • Socialization: The idea that gender and sexuality change over time

22. Sex and the Media • Sex as a Sales Tool • Double Standards * Females are often over sexualized in media, but discouraged from sexual activity in real life. The opposite is true for males

23. 6. Intimacy and Sexual Decision Making • When making decisions about your sexuality, listen to your “gut instinct”

24. Healthy Relationships • A relationship in which both partners feel good, respect one another and consider each others feelings • List on page 82 • SHARE • Safety • Honesty • Acceptance • Respect • Enjoyment

25. Sexual Intimacy and Activity • Sexual Intimacy- Aspect of intimacy that includes how much personal information we share with our partner, and how we communicate • Sexually Active- Engaging in sexual activity

26. Healthy Decisions • Don’t Rush • Don’t do anything you do not want to do • You are not alone (relationships) • Be comfortable during discussions • Sexual Decision Making entails making conscious decisions about your sexual activity • Pg 87

27. Risks • STI’s • Pregnancy *Abstinence (refraining from any sexual activity) is the only fool proof way of avoiding these risks

28. Contraception • Designed to stop the fertilization of egg by sperm • Condoms (easily obtained, high success rate) • The pill and other hormonal methods • No contraception is 100% effective • Just the facts pg 91

29. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STI’s) • Infections caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted through body fluids (semen, blood, etc) • Some have very mild (itches, rashes) and are cured easily. Others, such as HIV or herpes, cannot be cured

30. Spreading • Any type of sexual activity, not just intercourse • Infected blood (infected needles, syringes) • Infected women can infect their babies (during pregnancy, breastfeeding) • Sometimes, people do not exhibit symptoms and do not know they are infected • If sexually active, avoid risky behaviour (use contraception) and get tested regularly

31. Treatment • Bacterial Infections: Chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphillis, cured using different antibiotics • Viral Infections: Hepatitis, genital warts, genital herpes and HIV/aids, has no cure; however, treatment is available which may reduce symptoms * List of STI’s pg 94-95