Why did European leaders respond with repulsion at the concept of another war ?

1. The Origins of the Second World War (RJ Overy)“It must not be forgotten that war in 1939 was declared by Britain and France on Germany, and not the other way around. France and Britain had complex interests and motives for war.” Try out new technologies, imperialism, oil, “The United States was led into war by profiteers and bankers…” Oil, robber barons defense contractors, Pearl Harbor allowed to happen“The contradiction between the existing international system and the reality of power…” GB thought they were on top, reality? All sides faked the amount of tanks, military equipment, etc. Large parades. How can Great Britain and France justify taking their colonies by force but Germany cannot have Poland? Colonies Africa, India, civilized?

2. Why did European leaders respond with repulsion at the concept of another war? All Quiet On the Western Front, death, economyWhat was done about the Italian invasion of Ethiopia and why? Nothing was done, appeasement, gave Hitler the green light What was done about Sudetenland & what was The Munich Pact supposed to do? Agreed to give to Hitler, thought it would stop

3. Chapter 3 Who were the “Have-Not Powers” and what were their specific issues? How did they address these issues to rebalance the world in their favor? IB Test rewards you for your information! Add 1 point for each idea. Germany, Italy, Japan, distrustful of western motives Appetite for empires of their own, assumed terr. Expansion, foreign rule inevitable Economic grievances Survival of peoples depended on terr. exp. for resources, materials, cheap labor resettlement of surplus people, racial destiny, imperial grandeur 5. Italy, Japan -short almost all industrial raw materials (until Japan took China) 6. Germany lost large part of coal, iron deposits in Versailles Settlement, lacked oil sources (Oil: strategic for aircraft, ships, mechanized army, sources easy for enemy to intercept, buying, selling difficult) 7. Japan pushed out of Asian, African markets by British, French, protective measures aimed at Japanese goods 8. German trade in central Europe replaced by Britain, France 9. Italian emigration to USA restricted 1919 (mafia, prohibition, Gangs on NY) Japanese emigration to USA, Australia cut off 1930 10. Pop climbed, unemployment, low income, world recession 11. Protectionism regarded as deliberate attempt to restrict, inhibit natural exp.

4. 12. Economic, imperial demands of political parties: Nazis Germany, Fascist Italy, Nationalist Japan • 13. Japanese occupied Korea 1894, invaded Manchuria (China) “fear of Russia, China” • forced Chinese labor, colonial rule, unfavorable terms, Asian “New Order” • 5 yr plan: Increase Japan’s domestic output iron, steel, machinery, oil (synthetic) • Italy: N. E. Africa, Dalmatian coast, Med. colonialism, Roman empire, make Italians wealthy, racial superiority, propaganda, rhetoric, need someone to rule! Ethiopia, Libya, wanted to control the region (take from Britain, France) • Germany: world power, central-eastern Europe (Mitteleuropa), material resources, regain what was lost in Versailles agreement • Pan-German solution, Australia, Czech, Poland • Lebensraum, more living space needed (Central Europe, Russia, USA)

5. Chapter 4 • The Treaty of Versailles called for disarmament yet in between the wars we see tremendous rearmament on all sides. Why and how did this secret (and not so secret) rearmament occur? • IB Test rewards you for your information! Add 1 point for each idea. • Japan, Italy armed during depression years. More of a threat than Germany! • Soviet Union 1929, 5 Year Plans, massive militarization, supposed threat of capitalism • China, Czech, Poland, Spain, Turkey pursued the same • World military expenditures: 1925 $3.5 thousand m, 1934 $5 thousand m. • Distrust of the League to enforce security • French Maginot line, western front • Victory goes to country that produced most military equipment, France, GB, Germany Wehrwirtschaft, defense economy • Intelligence about each other’s weapons, rapid changes in military equipment (spec?) • Domestic resources avail. • Japan, Italy focused on navy, aircraft • Germany, GB, France had to focus on all: land, air, sea • Hitler had to rebuild infrastructure, buildings rather than weapons until 1939 • Foreign observers thought Germany had more than it did! “Shop window” • 1936, new economic plan, Four Yr Plan, rebuild economy & military

6. 15.France bragged 12x more than Germany, superior $$, economy, world markets yet 1937 had only 1/3 GB, 1/8 Germany, materially unprepared 16.Britain “Fear of force is only remedy” bluff as deterrent, rearmed strengths (not army) but navy, air defense against bombing and invasion, financial commercial strength the answer 17.Appeasement necessary to buy time to build up armies 18.Rearmament clearly demonstrates the willingness of all major powers to consider war a possible course of action. 19. Until 1939 none of the major powers (including Germany) was prepared for war

7. Chapter 5 • What led to the Pact of Steel and what were the implications of this agreement for the rest of Europe? • IB Test rewards you for your information! Add 1 point for each idea. • Mussolini, Italy disturbed by German coup in Prague, Czech • Fellow dictator left him in dark • Mussolini considered moving towards GB • Backed by Fascist leaders decided to “prove himself” to Hitler, not inferior, could take on France, GB • Occupied Albania, announced Balkans, Med. Italian sphere of influence • Hitler saw Muss. Distracting BG, France in south, great distracting from Poland • Muss. proposed close military alliance, May 22, 1939, Pact of Steel, required each country help the other in case of war • Est. Italy as formal/equal partner (feeling inferior since Anschluss) • Upset British, French calculations, hoped he’d move towards them • Confirmed French mistrust, hostility, vulnerability in Europe • Hardened military collaboration between 2 allies, committing GB to protect France • War Plan: GB reinstated draft, territorial army doubled in size • GB and France promised to protect Poland • Summer 1939, war was thrust upon GB and France (occupation for Axis powers)

8. Chapter 6A • Explain the following statement: “For the western powers, the war against Hitler proved to be disastrous.” • IB Test rewards you for your information! Add 1 point for each idea. • Poland quickly defeated (with Soviet help), German-Soviet Pact • Phoney War; 6 months, secret negotiations both sides • Germans expected Allies to abandon the war once Poland fell • Hitler announced peace proposals (but on German terms) GB Chamberlain & Churchill would not consider them, others argued he should • GB, France thought Germany would be deterred by their military, economic strength, they could not win except by convincing the Germans that they could not win. • Blockade, economic warfare, isolate Germany politically • Trade agreements with Spain, Greece, Holland, Belgium, Scandinavia • Economic quarantine: iron ore Sweden, oil Romania, Caucacus (attack Soviet sources, disrupt shipments, cause Muslim revolt in southern Russia), scheming! • Germany invades Norway (Sweden), then France (stops further schemes) • Blockade not as effective as thought, allies confused, poorly organized • Belgium refused French troops, made Maginot Line ineffective if attacked from north • Allies had 144 divisions to Germany’s 141, outnumbered tanks 3383 to 2445, German soldiers superior fighting skills, training (power of propaganda) • France fell, GB abandoned Europe to protect itself

9. 14. June 22, 1940 French armistice Europe dominated by Germany • 15. GB now diplomatic isolation • 16. Even Hitler was surprised! New Order declared in Europe! • 17. Could not defeat Britain from air, or launch invasion against S. England. Weakened her economically! Cut her off from colonies. Went after more colonies in India, Africa • 17. Other Axis Powers took advantage of Hitler’s move: imperial ambitions • 18. Italy attacked Suez Canal, vital interests in Middle East • 19. Japan went after French, Dutch colonies in Far east, (China) • 20. GB desperate for US involvement! “we do not think we can win this war without America”

10. Chapter 6B • Many argue that Operation Barbarossa was the downfall of Hitler’s war. What were the intricacies and issues around this Operation? • IB Test rewards you for your information! Add 1 point for each idea. • Summer 1940, 180 divisions, 20 armored at core, turned east to Soviets • Needed 2 years to prepare to defeat Britain, safely left in isolation while Soviets taken but Hitler’s army was ready for land assault • Free him of fear 2 front war, bring GB to negotiating table • Free Japan to contain USA, prevent US aid to GB • Soviet land, “promised land” living space, lebensraum, resources (USA next?) • Conquest would mean world power, vast economic resources the allies could not match • Plans next for India, Middle East, then USA! • Late spring 1941 supposed to be launch time but Italy needed help in Africa (Rommel) • Italy needed help in Greece, Yugoslavia, postponed May to June 22, 1941 German army now caught in Autumn rains (Russia) and tough winter storms • Element of surprise, Stalin’s intelligence sources, refused to believe, continued to send supplies to Germany (1939 trade agreement) • Relieved USA, GB, no German-Soviet alliance to overthrow world order (Soviets in E. Europe 1939, E. Poland Sept 17) Soviets forced themselves onto Baltic States, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland • Could Soviets stop Hitler, keep USA out of it?

11. Chapter 6C • Why did the United States consider Japan a greater immediate threat than Hitler? • PM: Tojo; Navy Commander: Yamamoto, Hirohito, Emporer • IB Test rewards you for your information! Add 1 point for each idea. • Pacific more important to American interests than Europe • Conditions had continued to deteriorate: Japan moved south against colonial empires • French admin. Indo-China (Siam, Cambodia, Laos) forced to accept Japanese protectorate • Thailand forced to have Japanese military bases, forced dependency • Dominated S. China Sea, threatened Malaya, Dutch East Indies, Philippines (US bases) • Some in Japan fearful of US war but others say “not self-sufficient in raw materials” • Further exp. Necessary to contain what was already won • 7. July 1940 US began partial embargo against export of iron and oil to Japan • Feared economic embargo might be coming • 8. 1941 economic deterioration, depleted foreign exchange reserves • 9. Authoritarian restructuring of govt (more military) • 10. Domestic political issues forced them to expand further and confront others • 11. Running out of juice at home, USA enforced this! Forced them to look elsewhere • 12. Seize opportunity (France defeated) GB close to defeat, US 2 ocean war, not prepared, what about Soviets? Non-Aggression Pact Moscow, relieved this. German attack on Soviets meant Japan was free to pursue interests unhindered, neither GB, US not capable of stopping any aggression

12. 13. GB’s position was weak with her colonies, tied up with Germany, Japan felt free to take over • 14. GB even allowed Japan’s interests in China if that would stop her from other colonies • USA did not like this appeasement but also tried to find agreements, conciliation • Did not work, just as it did not work with Hitler! • Japan would not stop their aggression in honors of their “Asian New World Order” declaration • US remained uncertain about risking war, priority given to US mainland, slow trickle to US bases in Far East (1941), isolationism, difficulty with draft approval • USA careful not to take any actions which might be construed to support British colonial empire (Asia) • Global strategy, Europe (GB) needs help first, while Pacific held defense (containment) • In Public, it had to appear that USA was not going to head overseas while still threatened in Pacific • Japan decided on attacks against Hawaii, Philippines, British naval bases Singapore (some wanted Soviet attack to the north, exploit German victory) • S. attack plan won because oil reserves, raw materials better to the south. • Oct 41, Japan asked USA for a free hand in Asia. If USA refused war would be declared Dec 8th, 1941

13. Kamikaze pilots trained, oil was now critical. • Hitler hinted at help for Japanese if they attacked USA • Hirohito informed: attack now or Japan would be loss (running out of resources) • Pearl Harbor, Dec 7th, 1941 • 4 days later Hitler declared war on USA • Significant!! • Released Roosevelt from having to make the decision and appear sympathetic to GB colonial interest or Soviets (communists)